■r- 

/ MITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION. 

0 STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


REPORT  ON  THE  EXHIBIT  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM  AT  THE 
PAN-AMERICAN  EXPOSITION, 
BUFFALO,  NEW  YORK,  1901. 


BY 

SfiY;  ^ FREDERICK  W.  TRUE, 

WILLIAM  II.  HOLMES, 

AND 

GEORGE  P.  MERRILL. 


From  the  Report  of  the  United  States  2STational  Museum  for  1901,  pages  177-331, 
with  seventy-two  plates. 


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WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OPPIGE, 


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UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION. 


REPORT  ON  THE  EXHIBIT  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM  AT  THE 
PAN-AMERICAN  EXPOSITION, 
BUFFALO,  NEW  YORK,  1901. 


BY 


FREDERICK  W.  TRUE, 
WILLIAM  II.  HOLMES, 

AND 

GEORGE  P.  MERRILL. 


From  the  Report  of  the  United  States  National  Museum  for  1901,  pages  177-2:11, 
with  seventy-two  plates. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2016 


https://archive.org/details/reportonexhibitoOOtrue 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  1 


Front  View  of  Government  Building,  Pan-American  Exposition. 


EE PORT 

ON  THE 

EXHIBIT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 

AT  THE 

PAN-AMERICAN  EXPOSITION,  BUFFALO,  NEW  YORK,  1901. 

BY 

FKET>li:KTCK  W.  TRITE, 

Representative,  SmitJisordan  Institution  and  National  Museum. 

AVILLIAM  ir.  ITOEMES, 

Ileeul  Curator,  Departmod  of  Ardhropology, 

AND 

GEORGE  P.  MERRIER, 

Head  Curcdor,  Vejmrtnieid  of  Geologij. 


NAT  MUS  1901 12 


177 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Plate  1.  Front  view  of  Government  building  (frontispiece). 

2.  General  view  of  U.  S.  National  Museinn  exhibits. 

3.  Diagram  of  floor  space. 

4.  General  view  of  exhibits  of  Dejiartment  of  Biology. 

5.  Part  of  a large  mammal  case. 

6.  General  view  of  exhibit  of  fishes. 

7.  Kadiak  bear. 

8.  Stone’s  sheep. 

9.  Glacier  bear. 

10.  White  goat. 

11.  Alaska  wolf. 

12.  Penguin. 

13.  Condor. 

14.  Whooping  crane. 

15.  Cul)an  iguana. 

16.  Large  l)oa  constrictor. 

17.  Hog-nose  snake  group. 

18.  Alligator  snapper. 

19.  Red  drum  cast. 

20.  Black  angel-fish  in  formalin. 

21.  Hog-fish  in  formalin. 

22.  Luminous  deep-sea  fish  model. 

23.  Family  group  of  the  Smith  Sound  Eskimo. 

24.  Lay  figure  group  of  Eastei’u  Eskimo. 

25.  Lay  figure  group  of  Western  Eskimo. 

26.  Family  group  of  Chilkat  Indians. 

27.  Family  group  of  Hupa  Indians. 

28.  Family  group  of  Sioux  Indians. 

29.  Family  group  of  Navajo  Indians. 

30.  Family  group  of  Zuni  Indians. 

31.  Family  group  of  Cocopa  Indians. 

32.  Family  group  of  Maya-Quiche  Indians. 

33.  Lay  figure  group  of  Mexican  and  South  American  Indians. 

34.  Family  group  of  Tehuelclie  Indians. 

35.  Dwelling  group  of  Central  Eskimo. 

36.  Dwelling  group  of  the  Western  Eskimo. 

37.  Dwelling  grou])  of  the  Haida  Indians. 

38.  Dwelling  group  of  the  Montagnais  Indians. 

39.  Dwelling  groujA  of  California  Indians. 

40.  Dwelling  group  of  the  Sioux  Indians. 

41.  Dwelling  group  of  the  Wichita  Indians. 

42.  Dwelling  group  of  the  Pawnee  Indians. 

43.  Dwelling  grouj)  of  the  Cliff  Dwellers. 

44.  Dwelling  group  of  the  Papago  Indians. 


179 


180 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTEATIONS. 


Plate  45. 

46. 

47. 

48. 

49. 

50. 

51. 

52. 

53. 

54. 

55. 

56. 

57. 

58. 

59. 

60. 
61. 
62. 

63. 

64. 

65. 

66. 

67. 

68. 

69. 

70. 

71. 

72. 


Dwelling  group  of  Venezuela  Indians. 

Dwelling  group  of  Tehnelche  Indians. 

Fire-making  apj^aratiis  of  the  American  Indians. 
Bows  and  arrows  of  the  American  Indians. 
Throwing  sticks  of  the  American  Indians. 
Harpoons  of  the  American  Indians. 

Water  craft  of  the  American  Indians. 

Textiles  of  the  American  Indians. 

Pottery  of  the  American  Indians. 

Sculpture  of  the  American  Indians. 

Personal  ornaments  of  the  American  Indians. 
Tobacco  pipes  of  the  American  Indians. 
Pictography  and  writing  of  the  American  Indians. 
General  view  of  exhibits,  Department  of  Geology. 
General  view  of  exhibits,  Department  of  Geology. 
Concretionary  structures. 

Concretionary  structures. 

Crinoid  series:  The  Crown. 

Crinoid  series:  The  Dorsal  Cup. 

Crinoid  series:  The  Tegmen. 

Crinoid  series:  The  Brachia  and  Pinnules. 

Crinoid  series:  The  Anal  Area. 

Crinoid  series:  The  Stem. 

Crinoid  series:  The  Boots. 

Crinoid  series:  Crinoid  Parasdes. 

Hesperornis  regalis. 

Model  of  Triceratops  prorsus. 

Painting  of  Triceratops  prorsus. 


REPORT  OX  THE.  EXHIBEF  OE  THE  UNITED  STATES  NATIOXAE 
MUSEIAI  AT  THE  PAN-AMERICAN  EXPOSITION,  BUEEAEO, 
NEW  YORK,  1901. 


By  Frederick  W.  True,  William  H.  Holmes,  and  George  P.  Merrill. 


, SUMMARY. 

By  Frederick  W.  True, 

Representative,  Smithsonian  Institution  and  National  Museum. 

The  Pan-American  Exposition  held  at  Butfalo,  New  York,  opened 
Ma3A,1901,  and  closed  November  2, 1901.  An  exhibit  from  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  and  National  Museum  xvas  provided  for  in  the  act  of 
Congress  approved  March  3,  1899.  The  total  amount  appropriated 
for  the  Government  exhibit  was  S300,000,  and  for  a Government  build- 
ing, §200,000.  Of  the  former  amount  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
and  National  Museum  were  allotted  §50,000,  in  addition  to  xvhich 
§2,500  Avas  transferred  from  the  allotment  of  the  Interior  Department 
to  allow  for  the  construction  of  a model  of  the  extinct  American  reptile 
Triceratops.  to  be  joint! v exhibited  1)v  the  National  Museum  and  the 
Geological  Survexv  The  total  amount  allotted  was  considerablv  below 
the  estimate  submitted  to  the  board,  which  was  §62,625. 

On  the  gross  sum  original I3"  available  a pro  rata  assessment  to  pro- 
vide for  an  exhibit  from  the  outhung  possessions  of  the  United  States, 
amounting  to  §1,960.79,  was  made  I)}"  the  board,  and  §200  were  trans- 
ferred to  the  allotment  of  the  AVar  Department.  The  net  Smithsonian 
allotment  xvas,  therefore,  §50,339.21. 

The  Goverment  building  (Plate  1)  at  Buffalo  Avas  on  the  west  side  of 
the  exposition  grounds.  It  Avas  oblong  in  shape  and  had  a length  of 
-118  feet  and  a breadth  of  110  feet  and  Avas  surmounted  1\v  a dome  235 
feet  high.  Two  pavilions  Avere  connected  with  the  main  building  on 
the  east  side  I)a^  colonnades.  The  north  pavilion  was  occupied  Ija^  the 
Fish  Commission  and  the  south  paAulion  conjointlv  by  the  Dejmrtment 
of  Agriculture  and  the  Philippine  collection.  The  exterior  of  the 
building  Avas  ffnished  in  staff  and  tinted  A^ellow,  except  the  dome,  ay  Inch 

181 


182 


KEPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


was  blue.  The  elaborate  polychrome  decoration  of  the  other  exposi- 
tion buildino’s  was  not  attempted. 

The  space  in  the  Government  building-  allotted  to  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  and  National  Museum  was  in  the  northwestern  corner. 
(Plate  2.)  It  originally  amounted  to  10,108  scpiare  feet,  but  the  size 
of  the  Government  building  being  subsequent!}"  reduced  the  space  was 
contracted.  From  the  extreme  north  and  south  ends  and  from  the 
west  wall  to  the  main  aisle  it  measured  138  feet  by  56  feet,  comprising 
an  area  of  about  7,500  square  feet.  A small  area  at  the  north  end  was 
separated  from  the  main  space  b}"  a cross  aisle  8 feet  wide,  leading  to 
one  of  the  west  entrances,  and  a similar  aisle  crossed  the  space  near 
the  south  end,  though  this  w"as  not  originally  proposed,  but  was  found 
necessary  to  allow  convenient  admission  from  the  annexes.  The  sub- 
division of  the  space  and  the  arrangement  of  cases  are  shown  in  the 
accompanying  diagram.  (Plate  3.) 

The  space  was  on  the  whole  well  lighted  by  a series  of  large  win- 
dows in  the  west  wall,  supplemented  by  the  clearstory  windows  above 
the  main  aisle.  The  west  windows  were  stippled  with  white  paint  to 
obstruct  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun,  and  a series  of  transparencies  were 
placed  in  front  of  them  as  embellishments. 

As  usual  in  most  exposition  buildings,  the  posts  supporting  the 
clearstory  and  aisles  caused  more  or  less  inconvenience  in  locating  the 
cases.  In  one  instance  it  proved  unavoidable  to  cut  a standard  case  in 
pieces  and  rebuild  it  about  a post  in  order  to  maintain  an  important 
aisle.  In  other  instances  posts  stood  immediately  in  front  of  the  cases, 
producing  a most  undesirable  ehect.  These  architectural  inconven- 
iences can  only  be  got  rid  of  by  supporting  the  roof  b}"  a series  of 
arches  springing  from  the  walls. 

ddie  interior  decoration  of  the  ])uilding,  as  a whole,  was  placed  in 
the  hands  of  a (-ommittee  of  the  Government  board  and  was  uniform 
tliroughout,  consisting  of  red  and  green  bunting  supplemented  by 
United  States  flags.  To  these,  in  the  Museum  space,  were  added  large 
signs  l)earing  the  name  of  the  Institution  and  Museum  and  a trophy, 
or  coat  of  arms,  with  the  seal  and  motto  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

The  building  had  no  basements,  and  enq)ty  packing  cases  Avere  stored 
in  lofts  ifi  the  various  towers  and  in  tlie  parapets  constructed  by  the 
War  Department  to  illustrate  the  mounting  of  large  ordnance. 

A good  deal  of  inconvenience  was  experienced  at  the  l)eginning  l)y 
the  d(‘fects  in  the  roof  of  the  building,  on  account  of  Avhich  certain 
parts  of  the  space  were  flooded  during  heavy  rains.  By  constant 
Avatch fulness,  hoAvevc'r,  serious  damage  Avas  avoided.  The  Aveather 
conditions  immediately  }>rior  to  the  opening  of  the  Exposition  Avcre 
extremely  unfavorable.  The  Avorkmen  sutrered  much  from  cold,  and 
the  receipt  and  unloading  of  exhibits  Avere  greatly  hampered.  Never- 
theless, by  hard  Avork  the  Museum  display  was  opened  to  the  public 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAX-AMEEICAX  EXPOSITION. 


183 


and  practicall}"  complete  on  the  1st  of  Ma}^,  when  man}"  other  parts  of 
the  Exposition  were  in  a backward  condition. 

As  in  the  case  of  previous  expositions,  the  exhibit  of  the  National 
Museum  far  exceeded  that  of  the  other  bureaus  under  the  direction  of 
the  Smithsonian  Institution  and  of  the  Institution  itself,  and  the  greater 
part  of  the  total  sum  allotted  was  expended  in  its  preparation.  The 
reason  of  this  will  be  readily  understood  when  it  is  recalled  that  the 
Museum  is  continuous!}^  engaged  in  preparing  permanent  exhibits  for 
the  public,  and  has  greater  responsibilities  in  this  direction  than  any 
other  bureau  of  the  Government.  The  proportion  of  the  allotment 
expended  by  the  Museum  can  not  lie  exactly  stated,  because  the  same 
mechanics  and  preparators  who  were  employed  in  connection  with  its 
exhibits  were  also  engaged  for  some  time  on  the  work  of  the  other 
bureaus  of  the  Institution.  No  apportionment  among  the  several 
bureaus  of  the  sum  set  aside  by  the  Government  board  was  necessary 
or  desirable,  and  none  was  made. 

The  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology  made  no  separate  exhibit  on 
this  occasion,  those  features  of  its  work  which  lend  themselves  to 
exhibition  being  shown  through  the  agency  of  the  Department  of 
Anthropology  in  the  Museum. 

As  in  previous  instances,  the  permanent  collections,  cases,  and  hx- 
tures  of  the  Museum  were  drawn  upon  as  far  as  circumstances  would 
permit,  but  some  new  cases  w"ere  found  indispensable,  and  numerous 
specimens  were  purchased  to  till  out  the  various  series  which  it  was 
finally  determined  to  exhibit  at  Buffalo. 

The  temporary  cases  constructed  for  the  Exposition  were  of  pine, 
painted  black,  and  furnished  with  plate  glass.  These  comprised  group 
cases  for  the  Department  of  Anthropology  and  wall  cases  and  one  or 
two  special  cases  for  the  Departments  of  Biology  and  Geology.  The 
regular  mahogany  Museum  cases  used  were  of  the  styles  known  as 
“reconstructed  door  screens”  and  “slope  tops.” 

As  may  be  surmised,  the  regular  staff  of  the  Museum  can  not  be 
drawn  upon  beyond  a certain  limit  to  prepare  collections  for  a tem- 
porary exposition.  The  regular  work  of  the  Museum  goes  on  hand 
in  hand  with  the  special  exposition  work,  and  the  principal  officers  of 
the  Museum  devote  a share  of  their  time  to  each,  but  it  is  necessary 
to  augment  the  staff  of  preparators,  taxidermists,  etc.,  very  consider- 
ably or  the  exposition  collections  could  never  be  got  ready  on  time. 
This  necessity  causes  one  of  the  principal  difficulties  in  preparing  for 
an  exposition,  as  expert  preparators  are  few,  and  those  whose  services 
are  desirable  are  not  always  to  be  had  at  a specified  time.  The  Museum 
was  especially  fortunate  in  this  matter  in  connection  with  the  Pan- 
American  Exposition,  and  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  the  work 
turned  out  both  liy  the  regular  and  temporary  preparators  was  supe- 
rior as  a whole  to  any  previous  effort.  The  temporary  preparators 


184 


REPOET  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


consisted  of  sculptors,  model  makers,  taxidermists,  colorists,  paleon- 
tological preparators,  modelers,  and  preparators  of  ‘‘accessories,” 
such  as  artificial  leaves,  flowers,  etc. 

On  June  23,  1899,  Mr.  W.  V.  Cox,  chief  clerk  of  the  National 
Museum,  was  designated  chief  special  agent,  Smithsonian  Institution 
and  National  Museum,  for  the  Pan-American  Exposition.  Mr.  Cox 
was  also  elected  secretaiw  of  the  Government  board  eTune  13,  1899, 
and  with  the  consent  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
served  in  this  capacity  throughout  the  Exposition. 

The  work  of  preparing  the  exhibits  was  begun  in  Jul}%  1899,  at 
which  time  a'building  on  Tenth  street  S.W.,  Washington,  was  leased 
for  temporary  workshops.  Another  workshop  and  warehouse.  No. 
414  Tenth  street  N.  W.,  was  occupied  from  August,  1900,  to  April,  1901, 
by  the  Museum  conjointly  with  several  of  the  Executive  Departments. 

One  of  the  first  operations  engaged  in  was  the  overhauling  of  the 
collections  stored  in  the  Museum  annexes  for  material  suitable  for  the 
Exposition.  This  involved  considerable  time  and  expense  on  account 
of  the  crowded  condition  of  the  storage  quarters. 

A considerable  amount  of  field  work  was  done  in  connection  with  the 
exhibits.  Drs.  Stejneger  and  Richmond  visited  Porto  Rico,  and  Messrs. 
William  Palmer  and  J.  H.  Riley  explored  western  Cuba  in  Februaiy, 
1900,  and  succeeding  months  in  search  of  characteristic  birds,  reptiles, 
and  Ijatrachians.  the  courtesy  of  the  War  Department  the  col- 

lectors were  sent  to  their  respective  destinations  on  the  transports 
McPherson  and  Sedgiolcl\  and  the  collections  made  in  Cuba  were  also 
transported  to  the  United  States  through  the  QuartermasteEs  Depart- 
ment of  the  Arm}".  Drs.  Stejneger  and  Richmond  returned  April  29, 
1900,  and  Messrs.  Palmer  and  Riley  August  14,  1900.  Mr.  AVirt 
Tassin  visited  Philadelphia  in  July,  1899,  to  examine  collections  of 
minerals,  and  a number  of  purchases  were  made.  Mr.  F.  A.  Lucas  vis- 
ited the  vicinity  of  ITattekill,  New  York,  in  August,  1899,  for  the 
])urpose  of  examining  a mastodon  skeleton  of  which  some  information 
had  been  received.  The  specimen  did  not,  however,  prove  suitable 
for  the  exhilht.  Another  endeavor  was  made  in  the  autumn  of  1899 
to  obtain  a mastodon  skeleton  by  excav^ating  near  Monroe,  New  York, 
but  this  also  proved  unsuccessful.  The  same  was  the  case  with  inves- 
tigations in  Arkansas,  Oklahoma,  and  Indian  Territory  in  October, 
1900.  Mr.  Lucas  went  to  Kiminswick,  Missouri,  in  August,  1900,  on 
the  same  mission,  but  without  result.  Dr.  G.  P.  Merrill  superintended 
th(‘  sawing  of  some  fine  specimens  of  orbicular  granite  in  Baltimore  in 
October,  1899.  Dr.  Merrill  also  visited  several  localities  in  North 
Carolina  in  November,  1899,  and  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  Chester, 
Massachusetts,  in  March,  1901,  and  New  York  City  in  January,  1900, 
for  tlie  purpos(?  of  ol)taining  geological  specimens.  Mr.  A¥.  II.  New 
hall  visited  Point  of  Rocks,  Maryland,  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAN-AMERICAN  EXPOSITION. 


185 


specimens  of  the  conglomerate  rock  of  that  locality.  Mr.  Adolph 
Tuchband,  who  made  an  expedition  to  the  Upper  Amazon  River  in  the 
spring  of  1900,  undertook  to  obtain  ethnological  objects,  models,  cos- 
tumes, utensils,  etc. , of  the  Indian  tribes  of  that  region.  The  Museum, 
however,  received  nothing  from  this  source. 

Mr.  W J McGee,  ethnologist  in  charge,  Bureau  of  American  Eth- 
nology, was  granted  a small  sum  to  collect  objects  illustrating  the 
ethnology  of  the  Tepoka  Indians  of  Mexico.  On  visiting  their  country, 
however,  he  found  the  tribe  practically  exterminated,  and  he  turned 
his  attention  to  the  Cocopa  Indians,  from  whom  he  obtained  a valuable 
collection. 

Additions  to  the  various  series  which  it  was  decided  to  exhibit  were 
also  made  by  purchase  from  professional  collectors  and  dealers  both 
in  the  United  States  and  Europe. 

Prof.  J.  B.  Steere  spent  two  months  on  the  Amazon  River  in  obtain- 
ing characteristic  fishes  and  other  vertebrates  of  that  part  of  South 
America  and  objects  illustrating  the  ethnology  of  the  various  Indian 
tribes.  Messrs.  Barton  A.  Bean  and  W.  H.  King  were  detailed  to  go 
to  Key  West,  Florida,  to  collect  fishes  in  formalin,  for  a special  exhibit, 
to  which  further  reference  will  be  found  on  page  186. 


THE  EXHIBIT  OF  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  BIOLOGY. 

By  Frederick  W.  True, 

Head  Curator. 

In  planning  an  exhibit  from  the  Department  of  Biolog}^  many  points 
have  to  lie  taken  into  consideration,  such  as  the  letter  and  spirit  of 
the  law  providing  for  a Government  exhibit;  the  purpose  of  the  expo 
sition  as  a whole;  the  conditions  existing  as  regards  obtaining  speci- 
mens suitable  for  exhibition;  the  relative  significance  and  attractive- 
ness of  different  exhibits  to  the  general  pul)lic. 

In  the  case  of  the  Pan-American  Exposition  the  underl3dng  idea 
was  so  clearl}^  defined  that  no  difficulty  was  experienced  in  determin- 
ing the  proper  scope  of  the  exhibit.  The  Exposition,  as  its  name 
implies,  was  intended  to  represent  America  as  a whole.  It  was  fitting, 
therefore,  that  the  animals  and  plants  of  North,  South,  and  Central 
America  should  be  represented,  while  a representation  of  the  fauna 
and  fiora  of  the  rest  of  the  world  could  with  propriety  be  omitted. 

The  exhibit  of  the  Department  was  thus  limited  and  only  American 
objects  were  represented.  From  experience  gained  by  participation 
in  other  expositions  it  was  felt  that,  generally  speaking,  large  objects 
would  be  more  suitable  and  better  appreciated  than  small  ones,  and  it 
was  decided,  therefore,  to  confine  the  zoological  exhibit  to  the  verte- 
brates. There  is  no  question  that  a representation  of  the  invertebrate 


186 


KEPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


fauna  of  America  would  have  j^roved  interesting  to  the  public,  espe- 
cially such  classes  of  animals  as  the  insects,  corals,  mollusks,  etc.,  but 
in  proportion  to  the  outlay  of  time  involved  in  the  preparation  of  a 
thoroughly  attractive  exhibit  the  vertebrates  appeared  to  offer  the 
best  topic.  A display  of  the  ffora  of  America  was  necessarily  omitted 
because  the  Museum  is  without  resources  in  this  direction,  its  botanical 
collection  consisting  entirely  of  dried  plants  and  specimens  in  alcohol, 
which  are  unsuitable  for  a popular  exhibit.  To  obtain  a creditable 
botanical  exhibit  by  held  work  was  impossible  in  the  time  allotted. 

In  order  to  make  the  exhibit  of  the  vertebrate  animals  of  America 
as  signihcant  and  attractive  as  possible  the  best  specimens  in  every 
class  were  withdrawn  from  the  exhibition  series  of  the  Museum,  and 
these  were  supplemented  by  specimens  purchased  wherever  obtainable. 
In  addition  four  held  parties  were  sent  out  to  gather  material  not 
otherwise  available.  Dr,  L.  Stejneger,  curator  of  the  Divison  of 
Reptiles,  and  Dr.  C.  W.  Richmond,  assistant  curator  of  the  Division 
of  Birds,  were  sent  to  Porto  Rico  and  the  other  West  Indian  Islands; 
Mr.  William  Palmer,  chief  taxidermist,  and  Mr.  J.  H.  Riley,  aid  in 
the  Section  of  Birds’  Eggs,  were  sent  to  Cuba;  Mr.  B.  A.  Bean, 
assistant  curator.  Division  of  Fishes,  and  Mr.  King,  to  Key  West, 
Florida,  while  Prof.  J.  B.  Steere  undertook  to  obtain  hshes  and  other 
vertebrates  from  the  Amazon  River. 

Drs.  Stejneger  and  Richmond  did  excellent  work  in  Porto  Rico, 
obtaining  a large  collection  of  lairds  and  reptiles,  but  were  prevented 
})y  sickness  and  tlie  uncertainties  of  transportation  from  visiting  other 
West  Indian  Islands,  as  was  originally  intended.  The  operations  of 
Messrs.  Palmer  and  Riley  were  conhned  to  western  Cuba,  where  large 
collections  of  l)irds,  reptiles,  and  mammals  were  made,  but  the  col- 
lectors were  prevented  l>y  lack  of  time  from  visiting  the  eastern  end 
of  the  island. 

In  order  to  accomplish  anything  of  importance  it  was  necessaiw  to 
send  these  parties  out  early,  while  the  general  plans  of  the  Govern- 
ment board  as  regards  l)uildings,  allotment  of  space,  and  exhibits 
from  the  outl^dng  possessions  of  the  United  States  were  still  incom- 
plete. The  original  plans  were  considerably  modiffed  before  being 
adopted,  the  total  amount  of  space  in  the  Government  building  was 
reduced,  and  endeavors  to  form  general  exliibits  from  Cuba  and  Porto 
Rico  under  the  Goveiaiment  board  vvei’e  al)andoned  on  account  of  the 
action  of  th(‘  governors  of  these  islands  in  providing  separate  displaj^s. 
It  resulted  that  oidy  a portion  of  the  material  collected  could  be  exhib- 
ited, and  this  was  incorporated  with  the  general  Museum  exhibits. 

The  work  of  Professor  Steere  on  the  Amazon  resulted  in  our  ol)tain- 
ing  an  excel leiit  series  of  characteristic  fresh-watei‘ lishes  of  this  region, 
together  witli  characteristic  tortoises  and  other  reptiles. 

In  addition  to  the  material  olffained  ))y  these  collecting  parties  the 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAX-AMERICAN  EXPOSITION. 


187 


Museum  secured  many  line,  characteristic  North  American  mammals, 
birds,  and  reptiles  through  its  correspondents  and  through  various 
dealei's  in  natural-history  material. 

When  completed  the  exhibit  contained  a very  full  outline  series  of 
the  vertebrate  animals  of  North  America  and  a smaller  but  still  sig- 
nificant series  from  South  and  Central  America.  (Plate  4.)  Among 
the  mammals  were  such  striking  forms  as  the  Kadiak  bear,  glacier 
bear,  Alaska  moose,  Dali’s  white  sheep,  Stone’s  sheep,  musk  ox;  such 
birds  as  the  condor,  California  vulture,  rhea  or  American  ostrich,  wild 
turke^y  harp}-  eagle,  various  gay-colored  toucans,  the  ara,  Carolina 
paroquet,  whooping  crane,  steamer  duck,  penguin  (Plate  12),  etc., 
together  with  rattlesnakes,  boas,  Gila  monster,  alligator  snapper, 
matamata,  mud  eel,  Cuban  toad,  and  other  characteristic  American 
reptiles  and  batrachians,  and  a large  series  of  useful,  curious,  and  bril- 
liantly colored  American  fishes.  A more  detailed  account  of  the  prin- 
cipal features  of  the  exhibit  will  be  found  on  a later  page. 

TAXIDERMY. 

In  connection  with  the  Buffalo  exhibit  a system  of  accessories  was 
adopted  which,  so  far  as  I am  aware,  has  not  been  attempted  hitherto 
on  a large  scale.  It  was  impractical )le  on  account  of  limited  space  to 
exhibit  groups  showing  the  habits  and  natural  surroundings  of  vari- 
ous species,  while  to  display  the  specimens  on  plain  wooden  stands  was 
thought  to  deprive  them  to  a certain  extent  of  attractiveness.  A com- 
promise was  therefore  effected  by  using  small  stands  and  suggesting 
the  environment  l)y  the  introduction  of  a few  plants,  a rock  or  two,  a 
little  snow,  a branch  of  a tree,  etc.  Thus,  the  Kadiak  l)ear  was  placed 
on  a stand  having  on  it  a small  section  of  rock,  a little  sloping  area  of 
sand,  and  a dead  salmon.  The  fish-eating  habit  of  this  Alaskan  bear 
was  thus  suggested  in  a very  small  space.  The  indigo  snake  was 
mounted  on  a base  covered  with  sand,  with  a pine  cone  or  two  and  a 
l)it  of  palmetto  to  indicate  that  it  is  a denizen  of  the  pine  barrens. 
The  condor  was  represented  as  perched  on  a pointed  rock,  suggesting 
its  mountain  habitat.  This  treatment  was  not  adopted  for  fishes,  as 
an}^  endeavor  to  represent  their  environment  would  have  caused  a 
greater  expenditure  of  time  and  mone}^  than  the  circumstances  per- 
mitted. They  were  represented  for  the  most  part  by  painted  plaster 
casts  drawn  from  the  Museum  exhilfition  series.  These  were  supple- 
mented l)y  the  Key  West  collection,  and  l)y  Professor  Steere’s  collec- 
tion from  the  Amazon  Eiver,  preserved  in  formalin.  The  manner  in 
which  these  two  series  of  fishes  were  prepared  presented  some  novel 
features  and  is  deserving  of  a short  explanation. 

The  collectors  were  provided  with  a number  of  shallow  galvanized- 
iron  pans,  having  a uniform  length  of  2 feet,  a quantity  of  formalin, 
injecting  s3U’inges,  etc.  The  fish  were  injected  as  soon  as  obtained 


188 


REPOET  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


and  placed  in  pans,  with  the  tins  carefully  spread  out  in  natural  posi- 
tions. A dilute  solution  of  formalin  was  then  poured  into  the  pans 
and  allowed  to  remain  until  the  specimens  hardened  properl}^  They 
were  then  taken  out  and  wrapped  in  cloth  and  packed  with  great  care. 

In  the  meantime  a series  of  80  square  glass  jars,  each  2 feet  long  and 
1 foot  high,  were  purchased  in  Germany,  and  an  equal  number  of  plas- 
ter of  paris  plaques  provided,  1 inch  thick  and  exactly  long  and  high 
enough  to  tit  the  jars.  As  soon  as  the  tisli  and  jars  reached  Buffalo 
the  tish  were  attached  to  the  plaques  and  placed  in  the  jars  and  dilute 
formalin  poured  in.  With  one  or  two  exceptions  the  specimens 
remained  iti  excellent  condition  throughout  the  exposition.  (See  Plate 
21.)  The  form  of  the  body  and  tins  was  exactly  preserved,  and  the 
color  remained  sufficiently  to  give  a veiw  good  idea  of  the  appearance 
of  the  tish  when  alive,  though  the  brighter  tints  of  many  of  the  species 
vvere  in  most  cases  subdued  or  lost.  No  method  of  preserving  the 
life  colors  perfectly  is  yet  known.  To  a large  extent  they  appear  to 
be  physiological  phenomena.  The  experiment,  as  a whole,  may  be 
considered  very  successful.  At  the  end  of  six  months’  exposure  at 
Buffalo  the  collection  was  apparently  in  as  good  condition  as  at  the 
beginning,  and  was  transferred  to  the  Charleston  Exposition  without 
any  further  preparation. 

CASES  AND  INSTALLATION. 

On  account  of  the  large  size  of  some  of  the  mammals,  the  exhibit  of 
the  Department  of  Biology  occupied  the  center  of  the  space  allotted 
to  the  Museum.  Two  wall  cases  10  feet  long,  10  feet  high,  and  1 feet 
deep  were  constructed  for  the  mammals  at  right  angles  with  the  main 
aisle  (Plate  5),  and  ffanking  them  along  the  west  wall  was  a similar  but 
shallower  case  for  the  tishes. 

The  l)irds  occupied  eight  standard  Museum  screen  cases,  8 feet  6 
inches  long,  in  front  of  the  mammal  cases,  and  in  front  of  these  were 
four  standai'd  Museum  slope-top  cases,  8 feet  <1  inches  long,  for  the 
reptiles  and  batrachians.  A special  case  was  occupied  ])y  the  hum- 
ming l)irds. 

On  account  of  the  small  space  available,  no  attempt  was  made  to 
assemble  the  different  species  in  faunal  groups,  an  arrangement 
which  under  |)roper  conditions  would  have  l)een  very  desirable.  In 
temporary  expositions  the  reffnements  of  classification  adopted  in 
museums  can  seldom  l)e  carried  out.  The  Government  building  at 
such  expositions  is  generally  constructed  on  f)road  architectural  lines 
to  accommodate  the  diverse  exhibits  of  the  several  executive  depart- 
ments and  bureaus.  The  lighting  and  interior  arrangements  of  the 
l)ortion  allotted  in  such  buildings  to  the  National  Museum  rarely 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAN- AMERICAN  EXPOSITION. 


189 


permit  the  carrying  out  of  any  preconcerted  plan  rigorously.  The 
collections  are  fitted  to  the  space  rather  than  the  space  to  the  col- 
lections. This  limitation  was  experienced  in  Bulfalo  no  less  than  at 
previous  expositions.  The  condition,  as  alread}^  stated,  was  met  by 
the  abandonment  of  faunal  lines  and  the  mingling  together  of  animals 
from  the  northern  and  southern  parts  of  the  American  continents.  The 
loss  of  faunal  boundaries  was  probably  not  felt  except  by  naturalists. 
The  eye  rested  eveiy  where  on  American  species  and  onl}"  American, 
and  the  labels  indicated  what  particular  region  each  animal  inhabited. 

All  the  larger  mammals  and  all  the  birds,  reptiles,  batrachians,  and 
tishes  were  furnished  with  descriptive  labels,  containing  in  untechnical 
language  the  most  interesting  facts  in  the  natural  history  of  the  vari- 
ous species.  The  preparation  of  these  lal^els  involved  no  little  labor, 
and  amounted  in  effect  to  writing  a popular  treatise  on  the  natural  his- 
tory of  the  more  characteristic  American  vertebrates.  The  labels  for 
the  reptiles  and  batrachians  were  prepared  by  Dr.  L.  Stejueger,  those 
for  the  birds  b}^  Dr.  C.  W.  Richmond,  for  the  mammals  by  Mr.  G.  S. 
Miller,  jr.,  and  for  the  fishes  ly^  Mr.  B.  A.  Bean.  Specimens  of  these 
labels  are  subjoined. 

GLASS-SNAKE. 
f )phhaurus  ventralis  ( Linnfeus ) . 

Although  without  limbs,  and  in  spite  of  its  name,  the  Glass-snake  is  no  snake  at 
all,  but  a degenerate  lizard,  not  very  distinctly  related  to  the  siiecies  with  four  well- 
developed  legs.  The  character  by  which  it  may  instantly  be  recognized  is  the  exter- 
nal ear  opening,  which  is  a1)sent  in  all  suakes. 

The  name  Glass-snake  refers  to  the  1)rittleness  of  its  tail,  which  is  so  extreme  that 
a violent  muscular  exertion  is  suthcient  to  disarticulate  the  vertebrae  and  break  the 
animal  in  two  or  more  pieces.  It  lives  in  holes  in  the  ground,  aud  when  caught 
often  saves  its  life  by  disengaging  the  tail,  and  leaving  the  wriggling  meml)er  in  the 
hand  of  the  confused  captor.  That  the  separate  parts  of  the  tail  are  al)le  to  join  eacli 
other  and  grow  together  again  is,  of  course,  a fable.  On  the  contrary,  a new,  short 
stump  grows  out  to  replace  the  lost  portion  of  the  tail.  This  reduced  portion  is  dif- 
ferently colored,  and  such  a specimen  as  here  exhil)ited  is  often  by  the  ignorant 
regarded  as  evidence  of  the  existence  of  the  fabulous  “Hoop-snake,”  the  conical 
stump  being  taken  for  the  alleged  “sting”  of  the  latter. 

The  Glass-snake  is  common  in  the  southern  United  States. 

MOITNTAIN  CARIBOXT. 

Ilangifer  montanus  Thompson  Seton. 

This  is  the  Caribou  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Canada,  southern  Alaska,  and  Idaho. 
It  is  much  darker  in  color  than  the  Caribou  of  the  Maine  woods,  from  which  it  differs 
also  in  various  details  of  structure,  though  its  habits  are  similar.  The  Caribous  are 
the  American  representative  of  the  reindeer,  but  have  never  been  domesticated  by 
the  Indians  or  Eskimos;  and  the  Government  has  found  it  necessary  to  introduce 
tame  reindeer  from  the  Old  World  into  parts  of  Alaska  where  native  Caribous  are 
abundant. 


190 


EEPOKT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


CONOOK. 

SarcorJt a mpJms  gryphus  (Linn?eus ) . 

This  huge  American  vulture  is  one  of  the  largest  birds  of  flight  and  probably 
occupies  the  first  place  among  the  land  l>irds.  It  ranges  over  a large  portion  of  South 
America  and  is  restricted  mainly  to  the  Andes,  where  it  ascends  to  heights  not 
reached  by  any  other  creature.  The  condor  is  of  slow  growth,  requiring  about  seven 
years  to  attain  the  full  i)lumage  shown  l)y  this  specimen,  and  the  young  birds  occupy 
the  nest  for  a year  or  more  before  they  are  able  to  fly. 

MAMMALS. 

The  largest  of  the  North  American  game  animals  exhibited  was  the 
Alaska  moose  {Alces  gigas).  This  has  only  recently  been  recognized  as 
a separate  species.  It  grows  to  a larger  size  than  the  moose  of  the 
Eastern  States  and  has  larger  antlers,  which  sometimes  have  a spread 
more  than  6 feet.  They  do  not  remain  in  herds  or  “’yard”  in  winter, 
like  the  Eastern  species,  and  the  Indians  are  therefore  unable  to 
surround  them  in  bands.  The  line  specimen  exhibited  was  one  of 
a small  series  obtained  for  the  Museum  a few  years  ago  by  Mr.  Dali 
De  Weese.  It  was  represented  as  standing  at  the  edge  of  a wood 
among  fallen  branches  and  leaves  and  young  spruce  trees. 

Another  interesting  Alaska  game  animal  was  Dali’s  sheep  {Ovis 
daUi).  This  was  also  obtained  in  the  Cooks  Inlet  region  by  Mr.  De 
Weese.  It  is  pure  white  throughout,  and  thus  distinguished  from  all 
other  wild  sheep.  It  lives  among  the  mountain  snow  fields.  The 
species  was  first  made  known  l)y  Mr.  E.  W.  Nelson. 

In  contrast  with  this  sheep  was  exhibited  the  newly  discovered  black 
sheep,  or  Stone’s  sheep,  from  the  northern  limit  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains of  British  America.  (Plate  8.)  This  beautiful  sheep  is  very 
dark  colored  with  numerous  l)lack  markings.  It  was  discovered  by 
Mr.  H.  A.  Stone  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Stikine  Valley,  British 
Columbia,  and  described  by  Dr.  J.  A.  Allen. 

Two  other  large  Alaskan  mammals  deserve  special  notice.  The 
larger  of  these  is  the  Kadiak  bear  ( Ursus  iiiiddendorfil).  This  is  the 
laro’est  of  existing  bears  and  the  largest  of  carnivorous  animals. 
(Plate  7.)  It  far  exceeds  the  lion  in  height  and  weight,  adults  prob- 
ably not  falling  short  of  a ton.  The  specimen  exhibited  Aveighed  about 
l,i^00  pounds.  This  huge  bear  occurs,  so  far  as  known,  only  on  Kadiak 
Island  at  the  mouth  of  ( Voks  Tnhd.  It  feeds  on  salmon  and  on  grasses, 
berries,  and  other  vegetal)le  matter.  The  species  Avas  only  recently 
founded  by  Dr.  C.  II.  Merriam,  Avho  separated  it  from  the  grizzly 
beai-  and  from  other  beai-s  with  long  chiAvs  iidiabiting  the  northAvestern 
section  of  th(‘  continent. 

The  other  Alaskan  species  al)ove  mentioned  was  the  glacier  bear 
( UvKVH  envmonsi).  This  is  a small  bear  of  the  black-bear  group,  ])ut, 
unlike  its  congeners,  it  is  gray  in  color,  a very  unusual  tint  among 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAX- AMERICAN  EXPOSITION. 


191 


bears,  and  probabl}^  onl}^  found  elsewhere  in  the  bear  of  the  mountain 
ranges  of  Tibet.  (Plate  9.)  Its  home  is  among  the  snow  helds  and 
glaciers  back  of  Mount  St.  Elias.  Little  is  known  of  its  habits,  and 
but  few  specimens  have  ever  reached  museums.  It  is  among  the 
rarest  of  American  mammals.  Its  existence  was  vaguely  known  to 
hunters  and  explorers  for  a considerable  time,  but  the  species  was  not 
established  until  1895.  It  was  described  by  Mr.  William  II.  Dali  and 
named  in  honor  of  Lieutenant  Emmons,  U.  S.  Arm}^ 

Another  recently  known  mammal  of  the  Northwest  which  was 
included  in  the  exhibit  was  the  caribou  of  the  northern  Pocky  Moun- 
tains, known  as  the  “mountain  caribou.”  It  was  first  made  known  to 
science  in  1899  l>y  Mr.  Thompson  Seton,  who  obtained  specimens  from 
the  Selkirk  Ranges,  British  Columbia.  Like  Stone’s  sheep,  it  is  very 
dark  in  color — much  more  so  than  the  well-known  caril)ou  of  Maine. 

The  series  of  large  American  arctic  and  subarctic  mammals  included 
also  the  musk  ox  of  the  barren  grounds  of  Canada,  the  white  goat  (or 
goat  antelope)  (Plate  10),  and  the  fur  seal. 

As  characteristic  large  mammals  of  the  United  States  were  exhibited 
the  prong-horn  (head),  the  puma  or  cougar,  the  gray  wolf  (Plate  11), 
Virginia  deer  (head),  Columbia  deer  (head),  wapiti,  and  luson.^^ 

Of  Central  American  mammals  the  most  interesting  exhibited  was 
the  Caribbean  seal  {Monach  us  troj^^dcal is) . This  seal  was  formerly  very 
abundant  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  but  is  now  confined  to  the  Gulf  of 
Campeachy,  where  an  excellent  series  was  recently  obtained  for  the 
Museum  by  Mr.  E.  W.  Nelson.  This  was  one  of  the  first  American 
animals  seen  by  Columbus. 

The  South  American  mammals  had  as  prominent  representatives  the 
Aucuna,  a relative  of  the  Avell-known  llama;  the  jaguar;  the  kinkajou, 
allied  to  the  raccoon;  the  coati  or  coatimondi;  the  giant  armadillo, 
the  largest  of  these,  typical  South  American  mammals;  the  covpu, 
one  of  theGj^^i’g’f‘«t  of  rodent  mammals;  Azara’s  dog,  one  of  the  fox- 
like small  wild  dogs  which  replace  the  true  foxes  in  South  America; 
the  chestnut-headed  sloth;  the  chinchilla;  the  Chilean  guemal,  a char- 
acteristic deer  of  the  southern  Andes;  the  great  ant-eater;  the  vis- 
cacha,  a rodent  not  unlike  the  prairie  dog,  very  al)undant  on  the 
Pampas;  the  Patagonian  cavy;  the  white-tipped  peccary,  and  various 
moidceys,  such  as  the  tufted  Capuchin  monkey,  mantled  howler,  long- 
haired spider  monke}^  etc. 

very  interesting  small  mammal  was  the  Cuban  hutia  rat.  Three 
species  of  these  rats  are  peculiar  to  Cuba,  the  indigenous  mammal 
fauna  of  which  consists  in  addition  only  of  certain  bats  and  an  insecti- 
vore  knoAcn  as  the  almi(]ui  {SoIpjhxIoh).  In  spite  of  p(‘i*sistent  efforts 
specimens  of  the  last  could  not  be  obtained  for  the  Exposition. 

this  only  a head  was  exhildted.  Two  paintings,  re]>resenting  the  reckless 
slaughter  of  the  bison  which  led  to  its  extermination,  were  also  displayed. 


192 


REPORT  OF  INATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


BIRDS. 

The  collection  of  birds  shown  at  Buffalo  consisted  of  416  specimens, 
representing  the  most  striking  native  forms  of  the  Western  Hemi 
sphere.  It  contained  representatives  of  the  largest  as  well  as  the 
smallest  of  the  birds  of  this  region.  Prominent  among  the  species  of 
special  interest  was  the  condor  {SarcorImm2:)hus  gryjjhus)  of  the  Andes 
of  South  America.  (Plate  13.)  The  specimen  exhibited  was  a male 
in  fully  adult  plumage,  which  is  attained  only  after  the  bird  is  6 or  7 
years  old.  As  an  example  of  the  best  style  of  taxidermy  the  specimen 
was  not  surpassed  l)y  any  other  in  the  collection.  With  the  condor 
was  exhibited  the  California  vulture  {Gymnogyps  californiamis),  a near 
relative  and  one  which  rivals  it  in  size.  It  was  once  common  on  the 
Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States,  but  it  is  now  confined  to  the  less 
accessible  mountains  of  California. 

The  harpy  eagle  {Thrasaetos  harpyia)^  a bird  of  great  strength  and 
cruel  aspect,  living  in  the  dense  lowland  forests  of  tropical  America, 
was  represented  by  a fine  adult  specimen.  Both  the  golden  and  the 
bald  eagles  (the  latter  being  the  American  ‘‘bird  of  freedom)”  were 
represented  by  well-mounted  specimens.  The  largest  bird  shown  was 
the  rhea  {Rhea  amencana)^  the  New  World  representative  of  the  African 
ostrich.  It  lives  on  the  grassy  plains  of  southern  South  America. 
The  prince  of  American  game  birds,  the  wild  turkey  {Meleagris  gallo- 
pavo  ferci)^  was  shown  in  its  characteristic  attitude  of  strutting.  In 
this  specimen  the  naked  parts  about  the  head  and  neck  were  colored 
as  in  life.  Elsewhere  in  the  collection  an  effort  was  also  made  to  ren- 
der the  natural  colors  of  faded  parts  by  painting.  The  necessity  of  ' 
so  doing  is  strongly  felt  in  such  l)irds  as  the  toucans,  whose  most 
striking  characteristic  is  the  brilliant  coloration  of  the  enormous  bill. 
Tliese  ])right  tints  disappear  at  death  and  in  museum  specimens  must 
be  reproduced  by  pigments.  Several  specimens  of  these  toucans  were 
exhibited,  each  one  difiering  from  its  fellows  in  tints  and  pattern  of 
color  of  its  l)ill.  Among  the  species  shown  were  Cuvier’s  toucan 
(RainpluiHtos  cvmeri)^  the  Tocard  toucan  {R.  tocard)^  the  toco  {R.  toco)^ 
the  red-billed  toucan  (7?.  erytlerorhynclmi)^  etc.  Of  the  parrots 
exhibited  the  hawk  parrot  {Deroptym  accipitrinus)  deserves  special 
notice.  It  is  reniarkal)le  for  its  tiara-like  crest  of  bright  colors,  and 
is  an  uncommon  species,  native  of  the  Amazon  region.  From  the 
mountains  of  tlie  small  island  of  Dominica  was  shown  the  rare  imperial 
parrot  {Amazoiui  liiiperlaliH)^  conspicuous  for  its  unusual  purple  color- 
ing. Of  e(jual  interest  was  the  St.  Vincent  parrot  {Amazona  giiih 
dhigi)^  which  is  noted  for  th('.  yellow  markings  on  its  wings.  Other 
noteworthy  s}HH*ies  of  |)arrots  exhibited  were  the  grass-green  paroquet 
of  Bi'azib  a vivid  gnam  bird  scai’cely  as  large  as  a spari’ow  and  one  of 
th(‘  smallest  members  of  this  famil}  ; and  the  Carolina  paroquet  {Corvu- 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAX-AMEUICAK  EXPOSITION. 


193 


riis  carolinensis)^  formerly  common  in  many  parts  of  the  eastern  half 
of  the  United  States,  but  now  restricted  to  parts  of  Florida  and 
Arkansas. 

Two  of  the  most  gorgeous  species  of  macaws  were  exhibited — the 
blue-and-3^ellow  macaw  [Ara  araraitna),  and  the  red-blue-and-}^ellow 
macaw  {A.  macao).  They  are  large  birds  with  very  long  tails  and 
richly  colored,  as  their  names  indicate.  Both  species  inhabit  tropical 
America  and  are  commonly  kept  in  zoological  gardens. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  small  birds  in  the  collection  was  a crowned 
tyrant  {Oncorhyndms  i^egius),  a South  American  ^catcher,  of  dull 
coloration  generally,  but  with  a brightly  colored,  transverse  crest  of 
unusual  size.  The  tyrant  can  erect  its  crest  at  will,  but  in  a state  of 
rest  it  is  folded  inconspicuously  on  the  bird’s  back. 

Among  the  most  remarkable  birds  in  the  collection  was  the  king 
vulture  {Gyjxigus  yjapa)^  native  of  the  warmer  parts  of  America.  It 
is  of  a creamy  white  and  black  color,  with  a hairy,  featherless  head 
and  neck,  the  skin  of  which  is  decorated  with  most  of  the  colors  of  the 
rainbow. 

The  steamer  duck  {Tacky eves  cmerea)  of  Patagonia,  a large  gray  bird, 
is  remarkable  in  possessing  the  power  of  flight  only  while  }^oung,  adults 
being  too  heavy  to  fi}^,  on  account  of  the  small  size  of  the  wings.  This 
is  one  of  the  characteristic  birds  of  the  Southern  Hemisphere.  The 
specimen  exhibited  was  not  as  good  as  could  be  desired,  but  it  was 
found  impossible  to  obtain  a better  one  in  time  for  the  Exposition. 
Several  handsome  Arctic  ducks  were  shown,  such  as  the  Harlequin 
{Illstrlonicus  Mstrlonicus)^  spectacled  eider  {Arctonetta  fischeri)^  Stel- 
ler’s  duck  {EniconeiUi  steUeri)^  and  the  king  eider  {Somateria  specta- 
hllis),  all  noted  for  their  bright  colors.  The  most  beautiful  American 
species  is  the  wood  duck  {A  ix  syjonsa)^  a specimen  of  which  was  included 
in  the  exhibit. 

The  great  whooping  crane  {Gras  americana)  of  our  western  prairies 
was  represented  b}^  an  excellent  specimen  from  Manitoba.  It  is  one 
of  the  most  striking  members  of  its  family  and  stands  about  I feet 
high.  (Plate  11.) 

A strange  pheasant-like  bird  from  the  Orinoco  region  is  the  Hoatzin 
{Opisthocomus  hoatzin')^  an  adult  example  of  which  was  exhibited. 
This  species  is  of  sombre  coloring,  but  is  of  interest  on  account  of  its 
isolated  position  in  the  avian  world.  Although  superticiall}^  similar 
to  some  of  the  gallinaceous  birds,  it  has  no  very  near  relatives.  The 
3mung  Hoatzins  are  armed  with  double  claws  at  the  bend  of  the  wing 
and  climb  about  in  trees  overhanging  the  water  after  the  manner 
of  bats. 

A bird  which  attracted  much  attention  was  the  barn  owl  {Strix pra- 
tincola)^  also  known  as  the  monke3^-faced  owl.  This  species,  on  account 
of  its  strictH  nocturnal  habits,  is  little  known  to  the  general  public, 
NAT  MUS  1901 13 


194 


EEPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUt^EUM,  1901, 


although  it  is  rather  common  over  a wide  area  in  the  United  States. 
Its  curious  visage  stamps  it  as  a bird  of  great  rarity  in  the  minds  of 
the  laymen. 

Of  almost  equal  interest  to  the  people  at  large  are  two  other  com- 
mon American  birds,  the  night  hawk  and  the  whip-pooi’-will,  which 
by  many  are  thought  to  be  one  and  the  same  species.  These  two 
species  were  exhibited  side  b}^  side,  and  accompanied  by  explanatory 
labels,  pointing  out  the  differences  in  structure  and  habits  of  the  two 
birds. 

Two  birds  of  singular  appearance  included  in  the  collection  were 
the  roseate  spoonbill  {Ajajcc  ajaja),  a ludght-plumaged  bird  of  tropical 
America,  remarkable  for  its  flattened  spoon-shaped  bill  and  crimson 
shoulder  patches;  and  the  boatbill  {Cochlear ins  zeledoni)^  a nocturnal 
variety  of  heron  from  tropical  America,  named  from  its  bill,  which 
bears  a striking  resemblance  to  the  upturned  surface  of  a boat. 

Of  Arctic  birds  the  exhibit  included,  among  others,  the  tufted  puf- 
fin {Lunda  cirrhata)^  a member  of  the  auk  family,  of  plain  black 
plumage,  peculiar  for  its  high,  laterally  compressed,  bright-colored 
bill,  and  curly  tufts  of  white  hairy  feathers  springing  from  the  sides 
of  its  head;  and  the  snowy  owl  {Nyctea  nyctea)^  one  of  the  largest 
species  of  the  owl  tribe.  This  bird  is  dressed  in  pure  white,  relieved 
here  and  there  by  a few  black  spots.  Its  plumage  is  veiy  thick,  even 
the  bill  and  feet  being  hidden  in  a dense  covering  of  hairy  feathers  to 
protect  them  from  the  Arctic  cold. 

Very  owl-like  in  appearance  is  the  grand  potoo  {Nyctiblus  grandis)^ 
a bird  belonging  to  the  whip-poor-will  family.  It  is  of  a mottled  gray 
and  black  color,  and  has  an  enormous  mouth.  It  inhabits  the  northern 
half  of  South  America.  The  specimen  exhibited  was  of  large  size, 
but  hardly  in  so  good  plumage  as  many  of  the  North  American  birds. 
The  oil  bird  {Steatornis  steatornis)  is  related  to  the  goat  suckers.  It 
dwells  in  caverns  in  the  northern  part  of  South  America,  and  was  dis- 
covered by  Humboldt  during  his  travels  in  that  region.  It  lives  upon 
fruits  and  berries.  An  adult  specimen  was  exhibited.  A bird  which 
attracted  the  attention  of  many  visitors  was  the  man-o’-war  bird,  whose 
abnormally  long,  folded  wings  project  far  l)eyond  its  body.  In  flight 
it  is  one  of  the  most  active  and  graceful  of  all  l)irds.  It  is  a native  of 
all  tropical  seas.  Of  the  commoner  l)irds  exhibited  one  of  the  most 
curious  was  the  anhinga  {Anhmga  anhinga)  or  snake  bird,  a native  of 
Florida  and  tropical  America,  where  it  haunts  sluggish  streams  and 
wooded  swamps,  usually  perching  upon  snags  or  stumps  projecting 
from  the  water.  It  has  a very  small  head  and  long,  narrow  neck, 
whence  the  name  ^Ssnake  bird.” 

Among  the  woodpeckers  exhibited  at  Buffalo  may  be  mentioned  two 
species  mounted  upon  one  perch  and  labeled  ‘'giant  and  pygmy  wood- 
peckers.” The  giant  is  the  imperial  woodpecker  {Caitvpeyohilus  impe- 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAX-AMEEICAX  EXP08ITI0X. 


195 


rialis)  of  the  pine  forests  of  northern  Mexico,  the  largest  known 
member  of  its  family.  The  other  species  is  the  pygiii}^  woodpecker 
{Plcumnus  i)ygmaeus)^  from  Brazil,  one  of  the  smallest  of  all  wood- 
peckers, Several  other  species  of  woodpeckers  were  shown,  including 
two  bright-colored  species  from  Cuba. 

The  avian  fauna  of  Central  America  was  prominentl}^  represented 
by  the  resplendent  trogon,  or  quezal  {PJuiromackriis  'mocinno)^  the 
most  gorgeous  example  of  its  family.  It  is  a native  of  certain  high 
mountains  of  Central  America,  and  is  the  national  bird  of  Guatemala. 
It  is  of  a brilliant  metallic  green  above  and  crimson  below,  with  a 
flattened  crest  and  long  streaming  tail  coverts  extending  2^  feet 
beyond  the  bod}^  The  Cuban  trogon  {Priotelus  temn  uruf^,  which  was 
also  shown,  is  confined  to  the  island  of  Cuba  and  is  noted  for  the  pecul- 
iar shape  of  the  tail  feathers,  which  look  as  if  they  had  been  notched  at 
the  end  with  a pair  of  scissors.  A small,  plain-colored  species,  which 
might  easily  be  overlooked  in  a collection  of  this  kind,  is  the  crested 
ovenbird  of  Brazil  {Ilomorus  cristatus)^  which  is,  however,  notewor- 
thy on  account  of  its  remarkable  nest-building  habits.  These  nests  are 
composed  largely  of  sticks,  some  of  them  as  thick  as  one’s  little  finger 
and  2 feet  long,  the  whole  structure  resembling  a barrel  lying  upon  its 
side.  The  nests  are  about  the  size  of  an  ordinaiy  flour  barrel,  while  the 
bird  is  no  larger  than  our  catbird.  The  jacamars  constitute  a family 
of  brilliantly  colored  tropical  American  species,  related  to  the  king- 
fishers. The  species,  several  of  which  were  represented  at  Buffalo, 
are  all  inhabitants  of  dense  forest  recesses,  where  they  pass  much  of 
their  time  perched  on  dead  twigs  near  the  ground.  The  most  striking 
species  is  the  grand  jacamar  {Jacaniarops  aivrect)^  of  which  several 
specimens  were  shown.  The  motmots,  represented  )>y  several  species, 
are  less  gorgeous  than  the  jacamars,  but  have  similar  habits.  They 
are  noted  particularly  for  their  habit  of  trimming  their  tails,  the  two 
central  feathers  of  which  are  denuded  of  the  webs  for  a distance  of 
about  an  inch  at  the  ends. 

Among  the  numerous  bright-colored  members  of  the  Tanager  fam- 
ily may  be  mentioned  the  callistes  (genus  Calosjnza)^  some  of  which 
are  exquisitely  colored,  the  seven-colored  calliste  {Calospiza  tatao) 
being  one  of  the  most  tastefullv  decorated.  The  red-eared  calliste 
{CldofYjcJirysa gPia^nicotls)  is  unique  in  having  on  its  shoulders  a patch 
of  color  not  to  be  matched  in  any  other  bird. 

Of  more  brilliant  colors,  and  in  many  ways  the  most  remarkable 
assemblage  of  birds  to  be  found  in  the  Western  Hemisphere,  is  the 
group  known  collectively  as  cotingas.  In  this  family,  grouped  by 
certain  peculiarities  of  structure,  may  be  found  such  singular  birds  as 
the  umbrella  bird  {Oephalojyterus  ornatus)^  the  bell  bird  {Casmorhyn- 
chos  tricar  uncidat  its)  ^ the  bald  fruit  crow  {Gymnocephahis  cal  cm)  ^ the 
cock  of  the  rock  {Rujyicola  rujncola)^  etc.,  all  remarkable  for  richness 


196 


EEPOET  OF  IS-ATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


of  coloring  or  some  bizarre  style  of  plumage  or  ornamental  append- 
ages. The  holy-ghost  bird  {^Carpodectes  nitidus)^  of  the  same  f amity, 
is  almost  pure  white,  with  a delicate  wash  of  blue  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, and  an  innocent,  dove-like  expression.  Examples  of  these  and 
many  other  striking  forms  of  the  cotinga  family  were  exhibited. 

About  150  specimens  of  hummingbirds  were  shown  in  a special  case, 
representing  many  of  the  more  interesting  species  of  this  exclusively 
American  family.  Though  diminutive  in  size  and  occupying  but  little 
space,  the  gem-like  brilliancy  of  their  plumage  outshone  the  larger 
birds. 

EEPTILES  AND  BATRACHIANS. 

The  exhibit  of  these  classes  of  American  animals  included  the  largest 
and  most  characteristic  species  of  which  specimens  could  be  obtained. 
The  series  consisted  entirety  of  painted  plaster  casts  on  bases,  with 
accessories,  suggesting  the  natural  environment  or  habits  of  the  various 
species. 

One  of  the  largest  and  most  interesting  specimens  was  the  turtle 
known  as  the  alligator  snapper.  This  turtle  is  found  in  the  South- 
western United  States.  It  is  the  largest  species  of  fresh-water  turtle 
now  existing,  and  is  onl^^  surpassed  in  the  class  Testudinata  by  the 
giant  tortoises  of  the  Galapagos  Islands.  The  specimen  exhibited  is 
the  largest  one  of  the  species  of  which  there  is  any  record,  and  hence 
the  largest  American  fresh-water  turtle  thus  far  known.  (Plate  18.) 
The  shell  is  inches  long  and  81  inches  wide.  It  was  obtained  in 
southern  Texas.  Other  interesting  American  turtles  exhilhted  were 
the  snapping  turtle,  the  curious  soft-shelled  turtle,  the  l)ox  tortoise, 
etc.  A very  gootkspecimen  of  one  of  the  large  Galapagos  Island  land 
tortoises  was  also  exhibited.  Specimens  of  the  mata-mata  of  Brazil, 
the  most  grotescpie  turtle  known,  and  the  large  Amazon  Biver  tuille 
were  also  prepared,  l)ut  could  not  l)e  exhibited  for  lack  of  space. 

Idle  poisonous  snakes  of  North  America  were  represented  by  the 
diamond  rattlesnake  {Crotahis  adanianteud)^  the  largest  and  most  poi- 
sonous American  species;  the  well-known  copperhead,  and  the  water 
moccasin,  or  cotton  mouth,  which  is  much  dreaded  in  the  Southern 
States. 

The  larger  ])ut  nonpoisonous  snakes  of  tropical  America  were  rep- 
resented ])yth(‘  boas.  (Plate  Id.)  The  Museum  was  fortunate  enough 
to  obtain  spc'cimens  of  the  yellow  l)oa  of  flamaica,  the  Cuban  boa 
(known  as  the  Majn  da  Santa  Mar  at)  ^ which  is  the  largest  snake  of  the 
West  Indies,  and  the  well-known  boa  constrictor  of  South  America. 
Of  the  last,  a ])eautiful  cast  of  a specimen  18  feet  long  and  also  a cast 
of  a young  individual  wen'  exhibited.  The  Cul)an  and  Jamaica  boas 
could  not  )>e  exhibited  on  account  of  reduction  of  space.  Several  of 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAN-AMERICAX  EXPOSITION. 


197 


the  characteristic  small  harmless  snakes  were  also  displayed,  and  with 
them  a very  instructive  preparation  representing-  the  nest  and  egg’s  of 
the  curious  hog-nosed  snake  and  the  newly  hatched  young  snakes. 
(Plate  17.) 

The  American  lizards  are  for  the  most  part  too  small  to  be  attractive 
at  an  exposition,  l)ut  the  Pan-American  exhibit  included  a line  cast  of 
the  so-called  Gila  monster,  which  is  the  only  known  poisonous  lizard. 
It  inhabits  the  arid  regions  of  the  Southwestern  United  States  and 

o 

adjacent  parts  of  Mexico.  Its  venom  is  powerful  and  may  cause  death, 
but  as  it  is  a very  sluggish  creature  cases  of  poison  are  not  frequent. 

Two  large  Cuban  lizards  found  a place  in  the  exhibit,  the  Cuban 
iguana  (Plate  15),  one  of  the  largest  of  American  lizards,  reaching  a 
length  of  5 feet,  and  the  Cuban  chameleon,  which,  like  the  Old  World 
chameleons,  can  change  its  color,  though  it  is  not  allied  to  them,  but 
belongs  to  the  American  familv  of  Anolis  lizards.  The  cast  of  the 
Cuban  iguana  in  its  pose  and  coloring  was  one  of  the  most  satisfactory 
and  lifelike  pieces  prepared  for  the  Exposition. 

The  curious  lizard  known  as  the  ‘‘glass  snake”  was  also  included 
in  the  exhibit.  This  is  a lizard  without  limbs,  and  hence  resembles  a 
snake.  It  has  the  power  of  detaching  its  tail  by  powerful  muscular 
contractions,  and  as  in  this  case  a new  short  pointed  tail  grows  out,  it 
has  formed  the  basis  of  the  stories  of  the  mythical  “hoop  snake.” 

The  exhibit  of  batrachians  was  smaller  than  that  of  reptiles,  l)ut 
included  the  more  characteristic  Amei-ican  forms,  such  as  the  mud  eel, 
tiger  salamander,  etc.,  and  several  kinds  of  toads  and  frogs.  Among 
the  latter  was  the  Cul)an  toad,  remarkable  for  its  large  size,  and  the 
large  Cuban  tree  frog. 

FISHES. 

The  exhibit  of  fishes  comprised  more  than  100  specimens,  of  which 
the  majority  were  painted  casts.  The  object  of  the  exhibit  was  to 
represent  as  fully  as  space  would  permit  the  larger,  more  character- 
istic, and  more  important  American  species.  It  was  found  imprac- 
ticable to  make  a satisfactory  exhibit  of  West  coast  species,  ])ut  the 
most  important  forms  on  the  Atlantic  coast  and  the  fresh  waters  were 
well  represented.  (Plate  6.) 

The  series  included  many  of  the  most  important  game  and  food 
fishes,  such  iis  the  sheepshead,  Spanish  mackerel,  striped  bass,  tarpon, 
bluefish,  croaker,  mullet,  and  menhaden.  Tarpon,  which  is  well 
known  as  one  of  the  largest  American  game  fishes,  was  represented 
b}^  a stufi'ed  skin  from  Florida,  presented  by  Bennett  H.  Young,  esq. 

The  Museum  was  fortunate  in  obtaining  for  this  exhibit  a good  cast 
of  the  man-eater,  or  great  white,  shark,  13i  feet  in  length.  Specimens 
of  the  dusky  shark  and  shovel-nose  shark  were  also  exliibitcd,  the  for- 
mer with  the  curious  remora,  or  sucking  fish,  attached.  The  allied 


198 


REPOET  OF  I^ATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


skates  were  represented  by  a common  species  which  reaches  a length 
of  2 feet,  and  the  arraya,  or  stingray,  of  the  coast  of  Brazil,  which 
enters  the  Amazon  and  other  rivers. 

Several  of  the  largest  species  of  the  true  fishes  were  included  in  the 
exhibit,  such  as  the  horse  mackerel,  which  reaches  a length  of  10  feet 
or  more,  with  a weight  of  1,500  pounds;  the  barracuda  of  the  tropical 
Atlantic,  which  reaches  a length  of  6 feet;  and  the  wolf  fishes,  found 
in  the  deep  waters  of  both  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific. 

The  exhibit  included  maii}^  curious  and  grotesque  marine  fishes, 
such  as  the  sea  bat,  a small  species  often  sold  in  curiosity  shops;  four- 
eyed fishes,  so  named  on  account  of  the  dark  horizontal  line  crossing 
the  eyes;  the  poison  toad  of  the  tropical  Atlantic,  which  is  much  feared 
by  the  fishermen,  who  say  that  its  spines  inflict  very  painful  wounds. 
Besides  these  are  included  the  well-known  flying  fish,  the  large  sail- 
fish,  remarkable  for  the  development  of  the  dorsal  fin,  a portion  of 
which  extends  above  the  surface  of  the  water  when  the  fish  is  swim- 
ming; the  beautiful  thread-fish,  with  its  thread-like  fins,  and  many 
others. 

The  exhibit  of  tropical  Atlantic  fishes  included  many  of  the  larger 
characteristic  species  found  in  Key  West  and  in  the  West  Indies, 
including  some  used  as  food  in  Cuba.  Among  these  were  the  lane 
snapper,  the  most  important  food  fish  of  the  Havana  markets;  the  dog 
snapper;  the  Margate  fish,  an  important  food-fish  in  Ke}^  West,  Nassau, 
and  Havana;  several  other  species  of  grunts,  among  which  the  com- 
mon or  white  grunt  is  the  most  abundant  food-fish  at  Key  West.  The 
groupers,  one  of  the  most  characteristic  groups  of  tropical  fishes,  were 
represented  by  numerous  species,  such  as  the  rock  hind,  the  Nassau 
grouper,  one  of  the  most  attractive  of  its  tribe  and  of  large  size,  reach- 
ing a weight  of  50  pounds;  the  red  grouper,  a common  species  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico;  and  most  remarkable  of  all,  the  jewfish,  which  is 
perhaps  the  largest  of  the  tribe;  it  reaches  a weight  of  500. pounds. 
Specimens  weighing  from  150  to  250  pounds  are  sold  in  pieces  in  the 
market  like  halibut. 

Other  especially  interesting  species  were  the  beautiful  angel  fishes 
(Plate  20),  some  of  which  stray  northward  as  far  as  the  coast  of  New 
Jersey,  l)ut  are  characteristic  of  the  tropical  Atlantic;  and  the  rose 
fish,  remarkable  for  its  brilliant  colors;  the  red  drum  (Plate  10),  etc. 

In  addition  to  the  marine  fishes  it  was  considered  especially  desira- 
ble to  display  the  more  characteristic  fresh-water  species  of  North  and 
South  America.  The  latter  series  was  necessarily  confined  to  species 
inhabiting  the  Amazon  and  its  tributaries,  as  opportunities  were  not 
artorded  to  obtain  specimens  from  the  southern  rivers.  Among  the 
North  American  forms  were  such  well-known  game  fishes  as  the  gray- 
ling, remarkable  for  its  larg(‘,  dorsal  fin;  the  pickerel,  etc.  The  fishes 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAN-AMERICAN  EXPOSITION. 


199 


of  the  Great  Lakes  were  represented  by  the  fresh-water  drum,  white 
fish,  and  large  catfish,  which  reaches  a weight  of  100  pounds  or  more, 
the  moon  e}"e  and  the  red-horse  mullet.  The  series  also  included  speci- 
mens of  the  buffalo  fish,  the  largest  of  the  suckers,  reaching  a weight 
of  50  pounds  or  more,  found  mainly  in  the  Mississippi  Riyer  and  its 
tributaries.  Species  peculiar  to  the  fresh  waters  of  North  America 
were  the  gar  pike  and  mud  fish,  two  yeiy  old  types  of  fishes,  and  the 
singular  paddle  fish  of  the  Southern  and  estern  riyers. 

Among  the  most  abundant  and  characteristic  fresh-water  fishes  of 
South  America  are  the  catfishes,  of  which  there  are  maii}^  species, 
some  of  which  are  extremely  interesting  on  account  of  their  curious 
mail-like  scales  and  large  spines.  Among  those  exhibited  was  the 
small  acary  caciraba,  in  which  the  bod}"  and  head  are  entirely  coyered 
with  a coat  of  mail,  made  up  of  interlocking,  bony  plates.  It  is 
typical  of  the  large  group  comprising  more  than  a hundred  species. 
Seyeral  other  species  of  acary  are  included  in  the  series.  Another 
characteristic  group  of  fresh-water  fishes  of  South  America  are  the 
characins.  They  are  carniyorous  fishes,  feeding  on  yarious  aquatic 
animals,  including  members  of  their  own  class.  Seyeral  representa- 
tiye  forms  of  this  characteristic  group  were  included  in  the  exhibit, 
such  as  peixe  cachowo,  one  of  the  most  formidable  of  the  characins, 
reaching  a length  of  d feet;  the  jeju  and  the  agulha,  which  are  yalued 
as  food  fishes.  Specimens  of  the  electric  eel  could  not  be  obtained, 
but  it  was  represented  by  an  allied  form,  the  itui,  a common  species 
of  tropical  America. 

At  an  early  stage  in  the  deyelopment  of  plans,  it  was  proposed  to 
add  to  the  exhibit  of  fishes  characteristic  of  American  Ayaters  a series 
of  enlarged  models  of  fishes  of  the  deep  sea.  It  proyed,  impossible, 
howeyer,  to  construct  these  in  the  time  ayailable,  but  a single  example 
was  prepared.  The  species  chosen  was  one  known  as  ^Etlioprova  efful- 
gens,  belonging  to  a characteristic  famih"  of  deep-sea  fishes,  many  of 
which  are  remarkable  for  their  phosphorescent  organs.  In  the  species 
exhibited  there  is  in  addition  the  luminous  spots  on  the  sides  found 
in  many  deep-sea  fishes,  a large  luminous  area  like  a lantern  on  the 
top  of  the  head.  This  extraordinaiy  creature  must  present  a remark- 
able appearance  Ayhen  swimming  in  the  dark  abysses  of  the  ocean. 
The  model  shown  at  Buffalo  was  eight  times  natural  size  and  had  a 
length  of  T feet  (Plate  22).  The  luminous  spots  on  the  sides  were 
rej^resented  l)y  buttons  of  glass  connected  with  the  interior  by  tubes. 
The  luminous  protuberance  on  the  head  Avas  modeled  in  gelatine  and 
tinted.  The  model  was  so  connected  with  the  electric-lighting  SA'stem 
in  the  building  that  a gentle  gloAv  appeared  in  the  side  spots  and  frontal 
protuberance,  producing  a A"ery  striking  and  it  is  belieA"ed  a quite 
accurate  notion  of  the  appearance  of  a liAung  phosphorescent  deep-sea 
fish. 


200 


REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


THE  EXHIBIT  OF  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  ANTHROPOLOGY. 

By  William  H.  Holmes, 

Head  Curator. 

When  plans  were  required  for  an  anthropological  exhibit  to  form 
part  of  the  Government’s  displa}^  at  the  Pan-American  Exposition  in 
Buffalo,  1901,  it  was  not  difficult  to  decide  as  to  what  portion  of  the 
very  wide  field  included  in  the  Museum  department  should  be  selected. 
The  Pan-American  concept  furnished  the  suggestion,  and  it  was 
arranged  to  present  in  the  most  striking  manner  possible  a synopsis  of 
the  Pan-American  aborigines,  the  native  peoples  of  America,  from 
the  Eskimo  of  North  Greenland  to  the  wild  tribes  of  Tierra  del  Fuego. 
The  most  salient  ideas  or  features  available  for  exposition  presenta- 
tion in  this  field  are  (1)  the  peoples  themselves,  and  (2)  the  material 
products  of  their  varied  activities. 

GROUPS  OF  LAY  FIGURES. 

The  most  important  unit  available  for  illustrating  a people  is  the 
family  group — the  men,  women,  and  children,  with  their  costumes, 
personal  adornments,  and  general  belongings.  It  was  therefore  decided 
to  undertake  the  preparation  ol  12  lay-figure  family  groups,  illustrat- 
ing such  tribes  as  would  serve  best  as  types  of  the  ethnic  provinces 
distributed  between  the  northern  and  southern  extremes.  With  such 
a set  of  groups  geographically  arranged  upon  the  exhibition  space  it 
was  conceived  that  the  student,  and  even  the  ordinary  visitor,  might, 
by  passing  from  north  to  south  or  from  south  to  north  through  the 
series,  form  a vivid  and  definite  notion  of  the  appearance,  condition, 
and  culture  of  the  race  or  peoples  called  American  Indians,  the  race 
so  rudety  and  completely  supplanted  by  the  nations  of  the  Old  World. 
Each  lay-figure  group  comprises  from  four  to  seven  individuals, 
selected  to  best  convey  an  idea  of  the  various  members  of  a typical 
family,  old  and  young  of  both  sexes. 

Two  of  these  groups,  the  Greenland  Eskimo  and  the  Patagonian, 
occupy  cases  8 liy  12  feet  in  horizontal  dimensions  and  stand  at  the 
northern  and  southern  extremities  of  the  exhibit.  The  other  cases 
are  smaller  and  accommodate  from  three  to  six  figures.  Each  mem- 
ber of  a group  is  represented  as  engaged  in  some  suitable  occupation. 
The  activities  of  the  people  an',  thus  illustrated  and  the  various  prod- 
ucts of  industry  are,  as  far  as  possible,  brought  together  in  consistent 
relations  with  the  group. 

In  building  these  figures  the  closest  possible  approach  to  accuracy 
was  sought,  l)ut  satisfactory  costumes  were  not  always  available,  and 
collections  illustrating  arts  and  industries  were  found  to  be  deficient. 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAX-AMERICAlSr  EXPOSITION. 


201 


save  in  a few  cases.  It  is  therefore  felt  that  the  exhibit  is  not  yet 
complete  and  that  many  changes  will  be  necessary  to  bring  it  up  to  a 
satisfactory  standard.  It  was  impossible,  in  the  short  time  allotted 
for  the  work,  to  secure  life  masks  of  the  people,  save  in  a very  few 
cases,  but  the  sculptors  were  required  to  reproduce  the  physical  type 
in  each  instance  as  accurately  as  the  available  drawings  and  photo- 
graphs would  permit.  Especial  effort  was  made  to  give  a correct 
impression  of  the  group  as  a whole,  rather  than  to  present  portraits  of 
individuals,  which  can  be  better  presented  in  other  ways.  Life  masks, 
as  ordinarily  taken,  convey  no  clear  notion  of  the  people.  The  faces 
are  distorted  and  expressionless,  the  eyes  are  closed,  and  the  lips 
compressed.  Like  the  ordinary  studio  photograph  of  primitive 
sitters,  the  mask  serves  chiefly  to  misrepresent  the  native  countenance 
and  disposition;  besides,  the  individual  face  is  not  necessarily  a good 
type  of  a group.  Good  t3qDes  ma}^,  however,  be  worked  out  by  the 
skilful  artist  and  sculptor,  who  alone  can  adequately  present  these 
little-understood  people  as  they  really  are  and  with  reasonable  unity 
in  pose  and  expression. 

The  lack  of  appropriate  and  complete  costumes,  especially  for  the 
women  and  children,  proved  the  most  serious  drawback.  An  attempt 
was  made  to  reined}^  this  by  sending  collectors  to  the  held,  but  only 
one  of  four  expeditions  sent  out  returned  in  time  to  be  of  service  in 
the  preparation  of  this  exhibit. 

It  is  well  understood  that  for  exposition  purposes  the  assemblage  of 
family  groups — or  larger  units — of  the  living  peoples  would  be  far 
superior  to  lay-flgure  exhibits.  The  real  family,  clothed  in  its  own 
costumes,  engaged  in  its  own  occupations,  and  surrounded  by  its 
actual  belongings,  would  form  the  best  possible  illustration  of  a peo- 
ple; but  such  an  exhibit,  covering  the  whole  American  held,  would 
require  much  time  for  its  preparation  as  well  as  the  expenditure  of 
large  sums  of  money.  Furthermore,  from  the  museum  point  of  view, 
the  creation  of  a set  of  adequate  and  artistic  lay-figure  groups  forms  a 
permanent  exhibit  which,  set  iq)  in  the  museum,  continues  to  please 
and  instruct  for  generations;  whereas  the  real  people,  howsoever 
well  assembled,  must  scatter  at  the  close  of  the  exposition,  and  nothing 
is  left  for  future  museum  display.  Such  assemblages  of  our  native 
peoples  as  those  of.  the  World’s  Columbian,  the  Trans-Mississippi,  and 
the  Pan-American  expositions  are  highly  interesting  and  instructive, 
but  their  influence  is  soon  lost,  since  they  reach  onl};  the  audience  of 
the  season. 

Future  expositions  may  essay  the  bringing  together  of  living  re]>re- 
sentatives  of  type  tribes,  scientifically  presented  and  free  from  the 
commercial  incubus,  but  to  secure  satisfactory  results  the  work  must 
needs  l)egin  not  less  than  two  years  before  the  opening  of  the  expo- 
sition. 


202 


REPOET  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


The  family  groups  and  other  lay  figures  included  in  the  present 
exhibit  are  such  as  could  be  brought  together  in  the  short  period 
allotted  for  preparation,  and  represent  the  following  tribes: 

1.  North  Greenland  Eskimo. 

2.  Eastern  Eskimo. 

3.  Alaskan  Eskimo. 

4.  Chilkat  Indians,  Alaska. 

5.  Hupa  Indians,  California. 

6.  Sioux  Indians,  the  Great  Plains. 

7.  Navaho  Indians,  the  arid  region. 

8.  Zufii  Indians,  the  arid  region. 

9.  Cocopa  Indians,  Sonora,  Mexico. 

10.  Maya-Quiche  Indians,  Guatemala. 

11a.  Zapotec  Indian  woman,  Oaxaca,  Mexico. 

llh.  elivaro  Indian  man,  Brazil. 

11c.  Piro  Indian  man,  Brazil. 

12.  Tehuelche  Indians,  Patagonia. 

Exhibits  2,  3,  and  11  of  this  series  were  not  completed  as  family 
groups  and  remain  assemblages  of  independent  figures  simpl3^ 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  GROUPS. 

The  first  exhibit  of  the  series  (Plate  23),  beginning  at  the  north,  shows 
an  Eskimo  family  of  Smith  Sound,  northwestern  Greenland.  These 
are  the  most  northern  inhabitants  of  the  world  known.  On  account 
of  the  prevalence  of  ice  the  year  round  they  make  little  use  of  the 
kaiak,  or  skin  boat,  employed  so  constantly  the  more  southern 
Eskimo,  using  the  dog  sled  for  transportation.  Their  clothing  is  of 
skins  of  the  seal,  reindeer,  birds,  and  dogs,  and  their  houses  are  often 
built  of  snow.  Their  activities  are  nearly  all  associated  with  the  mere 
struggle  for  existence. 

This  group  represents  a family  as  it  might  appear  in  the  spring, 
moving  across  the  ice  fields.  The  }"oung  man  has  succeeded  in  club- 
bing a small  seal,  and  having  called  on  the  sledge  party  to  haul  it 
home  is  laughed  at  by  the  elder  man,  who  tells  him  he  should  have 
carried  it  on  his  back. 

This  episode  is  chosen  with  the  view  of  illustrating  the  noteworthy 
fact  that  these  farthest-north  i)eople  are  exceptionally  cheerful  in  dis- 
position, notwithstanding  the  rigor  of  the  climate  and  the  hardships 
of  their  life.  The  woman,  who  carries  a l)abe  in  her  hood,  is  about  to 
help  attach  the  seal  to  the  sledge,  and  the  girl,  who  plays  with  the  dogs, 
and  the  boy,  who  clings  to  the  back  of  the  sledge,  are  not  insensible  to 
the  pleasantries  of  the  occasion. 

In  the  second  exhibit  (Plate  24)  three  south  Greenland  figure's  take 
the  place  of  the  family  group,  which  could  not  be  completed  in  time. 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAX-AMEBICAX  EXPOSITION. 


203 


They  represent  the  Eskimo  who  inhabit  Greenland,  the  shores  of 
northern  Labrador,  and  Hudson  Bay  adjoining.  The  figure  at  the 
right  is  that  of  a young  woman  of  southwestern  Greenland,  her  dress 
resembling  that  of  a Lapp.  Her  people  have  been  under  instruc- 
tion of  Moravian  missionaries  for  generations.  The  middle  figure 
represents  the  native  right-hand  man  of  the  intrepid  whalers,  who 
before  the  discovery  of  coal  oil  ransacked  Hudson  Bay  for  oil  and 
baleen.  The  woman  at  the  left  is  from  Ungava  Ba}",  and  is  dressed  in 
aboriginal  costume  of  reindeer  fur,  little  modified  by  outside  influences. 
Her  loose,  roomy  garments  correspond  with  those  figured  by  the  early 
voyagers.  In  her  left  hand  she  carries  a large  wooden  plate,  while 
the  right  is  lifted  to  ease  the  headband  which  passes  around  the  fore- 
head, sustaining  the  babe  held  in  the  hood  behind.  The  eastern  Eskimo 
are  especially  interesting  on  account  of  their  association  with  the 
exploring  expeditions  sent  out  in  the  last  century  to  search  for  the 
northwest  passage  and  the  North  Pole. 

The  third  case  (Plate  25)  contains  three  laj"  figures  of  the  western 
Eskimo,  who  inhabit  the  shores  of  the  northwestern  seas  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Mackenzie  River  around  Alaska  to  Mount  St.  Elias. 
Their  mode  of  dress  and  living  varies  according  to  the  animals  on 
which  they  depend  and  the  contact  they  have  had  with  other  races. 
In  this  group  will  be  seen  a woman  and  child  from  the  Mackenzie 
River  district  dressed  in  caribou  skins,  a man  from  about  Norton 
Sound  holding  his  barbed  harpoon,  and  a woman  from  Bristol  Bay 
clad  in  marmot  skins.  The  Mackenzie  and  Bristol  Bay  people  are  out 
of  touch  with  the  great  fleet  of  whalers,  and  their  arts  are  not  greatly 
modified,  l)ut  the  Norton  Sound  Eskimo  have  been  under  instruction 
of  Russians  and  Americans  for  more  than  a hundred  years. 

The  fourth  group  (Plate  26)  illustrates  the  Chilkat  Indian  family  of 
the  North  Pacific  ethnic  province.  They  live  on  Lynn  Canal,  or 
channel,  in  southeastern  Alaska,  and  belong  to  the  same  family  as  the 
better-known  Tlinkits.  They  are  selected  to  stand  as  a t}q3e  of  the 
region  because  they  are  the  only  tribe  that  still  retains  in  a measure  the 
aboriginal  costume.  They  are  in  commercial  contact  with  the  Atha- 
pascan famil}"  over  the  mountains  to  the  east,  from  whom  they  obtain 
horns  and  wool  of  the  arctic  goat.  The  wool  is  used  in  making  the 
famous  Chilkat  l)lankets,  which  are  not  woven  in  a loom,  but  the 
foundation  strands  are  suspended  from  a bar  of  wood  and  fall  free 
at  the  ends  or  are  tied  up  in  bundles.  The  figures  of  the  design  are 
inserted  separately,  as  in  a gobelin  tapestry.  The  men  of  the  tribe 
carve  the  utensils  and  ceremonial  objects  from  wood  and  horn.  In 
this  group  we  see,  sitting  on  the  floor,  a man  carving  a wooden  mask. 
He  is  dressed  in  a buckskin  suit,  whose  decorations  show  contact  with 
the  Tinne  tribes  over  the  mountains.  The  woman  opposite  is  engaged 
in  making  a basket,  with  her  babe  in  its  cradle  by  her  side.  Standing 


204 


KEPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


behind  is  a young  girl  offering  food  in  a carved  wooden  dish  to  a 
man  wlio  wears  one  of  the  fine  Chilkat  blankets  over  his  shoulders. 
Usually  the  food  dish  is  placed  on  the  ground  and  the  men  sit  or  squat 
about  it,  the  women  eating  separately.  The  costumes  are  of  buckskin 
made  in  the  primitive  style,  and  numerous  articles  pertaining  to  the 
household  or  employed  in  the  arts  are  scattered  about  the  group. 

The  Hupa  Indians  (Plate  27),  shown  in  the  fifth  group,  inhabit  the 
valley  of  the  same  name  in  northwestern  California.  They  represent 
in  this  series  of  family  groups  the  mixed  tribes  of  California  and  Ore- 
gon. Ph^^sically  the  Hupa  stand  between  the  large-bodied  Sioux  and 
the  under-sized  Pueblo  Indians.  In  language  they  belong  to  the 
Athapascan  family  in  common  with  the  Tinne  of  Canada  and  the 
Apache  and  Navaho  of  Arizona.  They  live  on  a mixed  diet  of  meat, 
fish,  and  acorns;  dress  in  deerskin,  and  are  fond  of  personal  ornament. 
Their  better  houses  are  of  cedar  planks  and  the  floor  is  slightly  sunken 
beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground.  An  important  industry  among 
them  is  the  harvesting,  transporting,  storing,  and  milling  of  acorns, 
together  with  the  preparation  of  food  from  the  meal. 

In  this  group  the  man  is  making  fire  with  the  twirling  drill,  the 
standing  woman  carries  a load  of  acorns  just  gathered,  and  the  sitting 
woman  is  pulverizing  acorns  in  a stone  mortar  surmounted  by  a basket 
hopper  held  in  place  by  the  miller’s  knees. 

Group  6 (Plate  28)  illustrates  a Sioux  family,  which  is  taken  as  a 
type  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Great  Plains  ethnic  province.  It  is  on 
these  plains  that  the  Sioux,  Algonkin,  and  Kiowa  developed  their 
peculiar  culture.  The  activities  of  all  these  tribes  were  created  and 
fostered  by  the  buffalo — including  their  food,  dress,  tents,  tools,  uten- 
sils, arts,  industries,  social  life,  lore,  and  religion.  In  the  group 
appear  the  man,  who  is  the  hunter,  returning  with  a trophy  of  the 
chase;  the  wife,  who  is  butcher,  tanner,  clothier,  purveyor,  pack  ani- 
mal, and  general  drudge,  is  dressing  a hide;  the  A^oung  girl  is  beading 
a moccasin  for  her  sister,  who  is  interested  in  the  work.  The  smaller 
l)ov,  with  bow  and  arrow,  welcomes  the  father.  The  tribes  of  the 
Great  Plains  ai*e  thought  to  have  been  in  early  times  sedentary,  but 
the  acquisition  of  the  horse  and  the  gun  fostered  a more  roving  life. 

Groiq)  7 (Plate  29)  illustrates  a Navaho  Indian  family  of  the 
Pueblo  province.  They  belong  to  the  Athapascan  family,  whose 
home  is  in  northwestern  Canada  and  central  Alaska.  They  are  among 
the  most  interesting  tri))es  of  the  United  States  since,  under  Spanish 
direction,  they  laid  aside  their  wild  hunting  hal)its,  becoming  herdsmen 
of  sheep  and  other  domestic  animals  and  learning  to  weave  and  to  work 
in  metals.  Their  kinsmen,  the  Apache,  on  the  other  hand,  fled  from 
the  compierors  and  remained  little  afl'ected  l)y  civilization  down  to  the 
present  time. 

The  gi’oiq)  includes  thi’cc  ligur(\s.  The  man  is  at  work  with  modern 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAX-AMEEICAX  EXPOSITION. 


205 


implements  of  iron,  shaping  the  silver  ornaments  so  skilfully  wrought 
by  the  workmen  of  his  tribe.  Two  women  are  engaged  in  the  most 
notable  industry  of  this  people,  the  spinning  of  yarn  from  native  wool 
and  the  weaving  of  blankets. 

The  Zuhi  Indians,  represented  in  the  eighth  family  group  (Plate  30), 
live  in  pueblos  on  the  table  lands  of  western  New  Mexico  and  stand 
for  the  sedentary  town- building  type  of  the  Pueblo  region.  They 
were  visited  at  the  beginning  of  the  16th  century  by  the  earliest  Span- 
ish explorers,  and  have  been  a subject  of  study  by  ethnologists  for 
many  j^ears.  They  dress  in  woolen  clothing,  are  agriculturists  as 
well  as  herdsmen,  and  make  excellent  belts,  blankets,  and  pottery. 
At  the  same  time  they  are  devoted  to  their  ancient  religion. 

This  group  includes  in  the  foreground  a young  woman  engageci  in 
weaving  one  of  the  artistic  Irelts  used  for  the  waist.  At  the  right  is 
seated  an  old  man  occupied  in  drilling  a l)it  of  stone  with  the  ordinary 
prrmp  drill.  His  dress  is  that  worn  during  the  Spanish  period.  Near 
the  rrriddle  of  the  grorrp  stands  a yoirng  girl  in  the  usrral  costirrrre,  who 
has  jirst  retirrned  frorrr  the  spring,  bearing  upon  her  head  a water  ves- 
sel. On  the  right  are  two  children  interested  in  their  frugal  meal. 

The  Cocopa  Indian  family,  shown  in  grorrp  9 (Plate  31),  represents  the 
Sonoran  ethnic  province.  They  occupy  the  lower  valley  of  the  Colo- 
rado River,  Mexico,  from  the  international  boundary  to  the  head  of  the 
Gulf  of  California.  Although  they  were  visited  by  Spaniards  in  1510, 
and  have  been  in  contact  with  the  Caucasian  race  for  two  hundred  years, 
they  retained  their  primitive  traits  up  to  aborrt  1890.  They  suljsist 
largely  by  means  of  agriculture,  feeding  partly  on  game  and  lish,  with 
various  seeds,  roots,  and  fruits.  They  dwell  in  scattered  settlements, 
usually  of  one  to  half  a dozen  hoirses,  which  pertain  to  a family  or 
clatr.  Little  costirrrre  is  used,  the  rrren  until  recently  habitually  wear- 
ing skins  and  the  woirren  petticoats  of  the  inner  bark  of  willow,  as 
seen  in  the  illustration.  Their  faces  are  habitirally  painted,  and  tliey 
are  tattooed  rrroderately. 

The  group  includes  live  figures.  A young  man  with  bow  and  arrow 
is  engaged  in  teaching  a boy  to  shoot;  the  woman  is  pounding  corn  in 
a wooden  mortar,  and  the  young  girl  carries  the  babe  and  concerns 
herself  with  the  bow  practice  of  the  boy. 

The  tenth  family  group  (Plate  32)  shows  the  Maya-Quiche  of  Guate- 
mala, These  people  occirpy  also  parts  of  Chiapas  and  a small  area  in 
western  Honduras ; at  one  time  they  were  the  most  highly  cultured  of  all 
the  native  peoples  of  the  Western  Hemisphere.  They  had  an  artificial 
basis  of  food  supply,  dressed  in  delicate  fabrics,  and  were  capable  of 
erecting  vast  terraces  and  stepped  pyramids  surmounted  with  buildings 
adorned  with  sculptures  and  paintings.  They  were  of  moderate  stat- 
ure, not  warlike,  but  industrial,  and  the  sculptures  and  paintings  reveal- 
ing their  religion  are  remarkably  free  from  bloody  scenes.  They 


206 


EEPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


number  in  Central  America,  at  present,  several  hundreds  of  thousands. 
The  family  group  here  presented  includes  the  man  with  staff  and  bearing 
a net  filled  with  fruit,  one  woman  working  at  the  mill,  a second  woman 
carrying  a basket  of  fruit  in  her  right  hand  and  a gourd  bowl  in  the 
left,  while  the  girl  walks  by  her  mother,  and  holds  a decorated  globular, 
gourd  vessel. 

The  eleventh  group  (Plate  33)  consists  of  three  figures,  a woman 
of  Oaxaca,  southern  Mexico,  and  two  men,  representing  the  Piro  and 
Jivaro  tribes  of  the  headwaters  of  the  Amazon.  The  Oaxacan  woman 
is  dressed  in  a skirt  of  striped  native -woven  cloth,  held  by  a belt. 
The  upper  part  of  the  bod}^  is  covered  with  a tastefully  decorated 
tunic.  The  head  is  protected  by  a long  sash  or  rebozo.  She  carries 
in  her  left  hand  a red  earthen  drinking  cup  and  in  her  right  two 
gourd  vessels.  The  third  figure  is  a Piro  man,  Arawakan  family,  head- 
quarters of  the  Ucayle,  interesting  because  tribes  speaking  the  same 
language  were  met  with  by  Columbus  on  his  first  voyage  to  America. 
He  wears  a tunic  of  native  make,  embellished  with  artistic  patterns, 
and  confined  only  by  a sash  of  beads  decorated  with  skins  of  birds 
passing  over  the  right  shoulder  and  beneath  the  left  arm.  The  head- 
dress consists  of  a bark  band  in  which  are  set  three  bird  plumes.  He 
holds  in  both  hands  a ceremonial  baton. 

The  Jivaro  man  lives  on  the  headwaters  of  the  river  Maranon.  He 
wears  a tasteful  and  brilliant  feather  skirt  and  headdress,  ornaments 
of  teeth,  beetle  wings,  and  seeds.  This  tribe,  one  of  the  most  forceful 
and  independent  in  South  America,  preserve  the  dried  heads  of  their 
enemies. 

The  Patagonians,  group  12  (Plate  31),  taken  as  a t}q3e  of  the  far 
southern  tribes,  ap})ly  to  themselves  the  name  Tzoneca,  but  their 
neighbors  call  them  Tehuelche,  or  southerners.  They  live  on  the 
plains  and  desert  areas  of  southern  Patagonia,  and  all  of  the  arts  of 
their  lives  grow  out  of  the  region.  They  dress  in  the  skins  of  animals. 
Their  rude  tents,  or  toldos  are  made  from  the  hides  of  the  same  animals. 
Their  furniture,  food,  and  arts  are  occasioned  by  the  same  environ- 
ment. Living  on  animal  diet,  they  resemble  the  Plains  Indians  of  the 
United  States,  being  tall,  bony,  and  athletic.  When  the  Spaniards 
had  introduced  the  horse  into  America  it  took  kindly  to  these  grassy 
plains,  and  the  Indians  changed  their  arts  to  adapt  them  to  this  new 
domestic  animal.  On  horseback  they  hunt  the  guanaco,  the  American 
ostrich,  and  various  other  animals. 

In  the  group  the  family  is  on  the  point  of  breaking  camp.  The 
man,  wearing  a skunk-skin  robe,  with  bolas  in  hand,  is  ready  to  mount 
his  horse.  One  woman  has  already  mounted,  and  the  boy  assists  in 
completing  her  outfit.  The  second  woman  is  rolling  up  skin  robes  of 
the  household,  while  the  little  girl  halters  the  pet  ostrich,  and  the 
babe  sleeps  in  its  novel  cradle. 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAX-AMERICAX  EXPOSITION. 


207 


DWELLING  GROUP  MODELS. 

The  second  most  important  concept  available  for  Pan-American 
presentation  embraces  the  arts  and  industries  of  the  people.  First  in 
order  among  these  is  architecture — the  building  arts— represented  by 
the  dwelling  or  the  cluster  of  houses  and  outbuildings  occupied  by  a 
family  or  communal  group.  On  account  of  the  lack  of  room  these 
subjects  had  to  be  presented  by  models  on  a small  scale — one  twenty- 
fourth  actual  size — but  it  was  found  that  all  essential  details  could  be 
reproduced  and  that  something  of  the  people  and  their  occupations 
could  be  shown.  The  subjects  were  selected,  as  were  the  lay-figure 
family  groups,  to  represent  type  peoples  distributed  at  intervals 
between  the  far  north  and  the  far  south.  The  series  begins  with  the 
snow  house  of  north  Greenland  and  ends  with  the  skin-covered  wind- 
break of  southern  Patagonia. 

The  list  of  dwelling  group  models  completed  for  the  Exposition  is 
as  follows: 

1.  Snow  houses  of  the  Greenland  Eskimo. 

2.  Earth  house  of  the  Alaskan  Eskimo. 

3.  Wooden  dwellings  of  the  Haida,  representing  the  North- 

west coast  tribes. 

4.  Skin  and  bark-covered  lodges  of  the  Montagnais  Indians, 

Labrador. 

5.  Dwellings  of  the  Sierra  (Digger)  Indians,  California. 

6.  Skin  lodges  of  the  Great  Plains  Indians. 

7.  Grass  houses  of  the  Wichita  Indians,  Indian  Territory. 

8.  Earth  lodges  of  the  Pawnee  Indians,  Dakota. 

9.  Cliff  dwellings  (ruins),  Arizona. 

10.  Grass  and  adobe  houses  of  the  Papago  Indians,  old  st3de, 

Arizona. 

11.  Pile  dwellings  of  the  Venezuela  tribes.  South  America. 

12.  Skin  shelters  of  the  Patagonians,  South  America. 

The  series  was  intended  to  include  sixteen  groups,  but  in  the  limited 
time  allowed  the  work  could  not  be  completed. 

The  first  model  of  the  series  (Plate  35)  shows  a dwelling  grouj) 
of  Central  Eskimo.  These  people  live  on  the  area  between  Hudson 
Strait  and  Baffin  Bay.  Their  winter  houses  are  built  of  blocks  of 
compacted  snow  laid  up  in  a spiral  manner,  forming  a dome.  The 
blocks  are  some  3 feet  long,  2 feet  high,  and  6 inches  thick.  The 
main  chamber  of  the  house  varies  from  5 to  12  feet  in  height  and 
from  7 to  15  feet  in  diameter.  Over  the  entrance  a square  is  cut 
out  and  covered  with  seal  intestine  for  a window.  The  main  domed 
chamber  is  connected  by  passageways  with  one  or  more  subor- 
dinate chambers  which  serve  as  storerooms.  In  the  summer  the 
natives  fish  in  the  open  water;  in  winter  seals  are  taken  b}^  cutting 


208 


REPOET  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


holes  in  the  ice.  The  clothing  of  the  men  and  women  is  made  from 
skins  of  seals  and  deer,  and  consists  of  outside  and  inside  trousers, 
jackets — those  of  the  women  having  hoods — hoots,  and  inside  boots  or 
socks  made  of  light  deerskin  or  birdskin. 

In  the  second  model  of  the  series  (Plate  36)  we  have  a dwelling  of 
the  Kinugmut  Eskimo,  taken  as  a type  of  the  Alaskan  region.  The 
Kings  Island  people  are  Kinugmut  Eskimo,  the  same  as  at  Port  Clar- 
ence and  Bering  Strait.  Their  island  has  steep  shores  and  their  houses 
often  resemble  cliff  structures.  The  structures  here  shown  include 
the  large  communal  house  and  the  frame  for  keeping  food  out  of  the 
reach  of  the  dogs.  The  house  is  built  of  logs  set  on  end  and  a cob- 
work  of  logs  resting  on  these.  The  whole  is  covered  with  earth  and 
moss.  Entrance  is  at  the  outer  end  of  a long  gallery  and  ventilation 
is  through  the  roof.  A portion  has  been  cut  out  of  one  face  of  the 
model  to  expose  to  view  the  interior  arrangements  of  the  dwellings. 
There  are  side  rooms  for  storage.  The  Port  Clarence  Eskimo  live  by 
hunting  sea  mammals  and  by  fishing.  This  special  locality  is  now 
interesting,  since  the  United  States  is  there  making  the  experiment  of 
introducing  the  domesticated  reindeer. 

The  third  model  (Plate  37)  illustrates  a dwelling  group  of  the 
Montagnais  Indians,  a type  of  the  eastern  Canadian  province.  The 
Montagnais  are  of  Algonquin  stock,  and  were  distributed  formerly 
throughout  Labrador  as  far  north  as  Ungava  Bay.  They  lived  by 
hunting  and  fishing.  Their  dwellings  are  of  skins  laid  on  a frame- 
work of  poles,  not  sewed  together,  but  held  down  by  trunks  of  small 
trees  leaned  against  the  outside  and  stones  piled  around  the  base. 
The  group  includes  finished  tents,  wood  pile,  staging  filled  with  skins 
and  robes,  men  painting  a robe,  women  drying  skins,  and  birch-bark 
canoes.  The  Montagnais  dress  in  deerskin  robes,  (juite  like  those  of 
the  Eskimo,  their  neighl)ors,  but  well  made  and  decorated  with  paint 
rather  tlian  embroidery.  Their  canoes  arc  of  bark,  and  not  of  skins, 
as  are  those  of  their  neigld)ors  in  the  north. 

The  fourth  model  (Plate  38)  represents  a dwelling  group  of  the 
llaida  Indians,  a type  of  the  north  Pacific  ethnic,  region.  The  Ilaida 
Indians  inha))it  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  lying  in  the  Pacific  Ocean 
75  miles  north  of  Vancouver  Island.  The}^  are  a separate  linguistic 
family.  Their  houses  are  in  the  form  of  a regular  parallelogram, 
averaging  50  feet  in  width  and  35  feet  in  depth.  Posts  were  planted 
in  the  ground,  joined  l)y  means  of  timber,  and  these  were  covered  on 
the  roof  and  sides  anciently  Avith  hewn  planks.  In  front  are  planted 
totem  poles,  upon  which  are  carved  aidmal  totems  representing  the 
crests  of  th(‘  diffei'ent  clans  inhabiting  the  house.  Entrance  is  often 
by  means  of  a low  doorway  cut  in  the  base  of  the  totem  post.  All 
o\  er  the  front  also  are  painted  heraldic  emblems  connected  with  their 
family  synd)olism.  The  Ilaida  tattoo  their  bodies  with  various  designs, 
and  now  clothe  themselves  largely  after  the  manner  of  the  whites. 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAN-AMERICAX  EXPOSITION. 


209 


The  fifth  model  (Plate  39)  illustrates  a dwelling  ^^’oup  of  the 
so-called  Digger  Indians  of  the  Californian  region.  The  numerous 
tribes  belong  to  several  linguistic  families,  and  occupy  an  extensive 
area  in  California,  Utah,  and  Nevada.  They  received  their  name  from 
the  use  of  roots  in  their  arts.  Their  dwellings  are  primitive,  but 
modified  by  contact  with  the  whites.  This  group  includes  the  com- 
munal house,  built  of  boards  and  shingles;  the  mill  shelter;  the  sum- 
mer house,  where  the  household  arts  are  carried  on;  the  storage  plat- 
form, and  the  granary.  As  these  people  subsist  largely  on  acorns, 
the  greater  part  of  the  woman’s  life  is  spent  in  gathei’ing  the  nuts, 
carrying  them  home  in  a conical  basket  suspended  on  the  back  by  a 
band  passing  across  the  forehead,  drying  and  hulling  them,  grinding 
them  in  stone  mortars,  sifting,  cooking,  and  serving  the  meal  in  the 
form  of  mush  or  bread.  The  men  are  hunters,  lishers,  and  laborers. 

The  sixth  model  (Plate  40)  is  that  of  a dwelling  group  of  the 
Great  Plains  Indians.  Here  dwelt  formerly  Siouan,  Algonquian, 
Kiowan,  and  Shoshonean  tribes  in  tents  of  buffalo  and  deer  hide.  A 
set  of  poles  lashed  together  at  the  top.  a cone-shaped  covering  over 
that,  held  down  by  pegs  driven  into  the  ground  about  the  edge,  con- 
stituted the  dwelling.  The  fireplace  was  in  the  center,  and  the  furni- 
ture consisted  of  abundance  of  skins  for  beds  and  a few  ladles  or 
spoons  of  wood  or  horn  for  dishes.  Cooking  was  done  by  roasting 
and  stone  boiling,  and  pemmican  or  dried  buffalo  meat  was  laid  up  for 
time  of  need.  The  men  were  hunters  and  warriors,  and  the  women 
were  skilled  in  all  the  peaceful  arts  that  grew  out  of  the  chase. 

A dwelling  of  the  Wichita  Indians  is  the  subject  of  the  seventh 
model  (Plate  41).  This  tribe  is  of  Caddoan  stock,  and  formerly 
inhabited  northern  Texas.  Their  dwellings  are  generally  cone  shaped 
and  dome  shaped.  The  frame  is  of  poles  tied  together,  like  lattice- 
work.  Into  this  bundles  of  grass  are  woven  in  rows,  imbricated  so 
as  to  shed  the  rain.  The  group  shows  a ffnished  house,  one  in  process 
of  erection,  and  a communal  shelter  supported  on  poles.  The  Wichita 
have  become  agriculturists,  and  dry  their  corn  on  hides  or  frames. 
The}"  have  also  adopted  the  metal  cooking  vessels  of  the  whites.  The 
method  of  thatching  is  to  be  compared  with  that  of  the  Papago  in 
Sonora.  Mexico. 

The  eighth  model  (Plate  42)  represents  a dwelling  group  of  the 
Pawnee  Indians,  a type  of  the  Missouri  Valley  region.  The  Pawnee 
formerl}"  lived  in  Nebraska,  on  the  Platte  River.  They  belong  to  the 
same  family  as  the  Arikarees  in  North  Dakota  and  the  Caddoes  in 
Louisiana  and  eastern  Texas.  Although  their  home  was  in  the  country 
of  the  skin-tent  dwellers,  they  continued  to  build  the  ancient  northern 
type  of  earth-covered  abode  with  slightly  sunken  ffoor.  The  frame 
consists  of  logs  set  on  end  in  a circle  and  connected  with  other  timbers. 
The  roof  is  of  radiating  poles,  rafters  covered  with  brush  and  then 
with  a thick  layer  of  earth  and  sod.  From  the  circular  chamber  a 
NAT  MU8  1901 14 


210 


EEPOET  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


passage  several  feet  in  length  leads  outward,  forming  the  doorway. 
This  type  of  dwelling  is  also  interesting  in  that  it  is  suggestive  of  the 
origin  of  many  of  the  smaller  mounds  in  different  parts  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley. 

The  ninth  model  of  the  series  (Plate  48)  represents  an  ancient  cliff 
dwelling  of  the  Pueblo  country.  The  arid  region  of  Colorado,  Utah, 
Arizona,  and  New  Mexico  abounds  in  canyons  and  plateaus,  and  the 
rocky  walls  have  been  carved  b}^  the  elements  into  many  fanciful 
shapes.  Here  also  were  formed  shelves,  shelters,  and  caverns,  and 
these  were  extensively  utilized  by  the  ancient  tribes  for  dwelling 
purposes,  from  which  circumstances  they  derive  their  name — Cliff 
Dwellers.  The  fronts  of  the  recesses  were  closed  with  stone  walls, 
and  partition  walls  divided  the  space  into  rooms  of  various  sizes. 
These  houses  were  reached  by  natural  pathways,  b}^  steps  cut  into  the 
rock,  and  l)y  wooden  ladders,  and  they  served  for  defense  as  well  as 
for  abode.  By  the  remains  of  industrial  arts  found  in  the  cliff*  struc- 
tures, their  builders  are  shown  to  have  been  the  ancestors  of  part  or 
all  of  the  modern  Pueblo  tribes. 

A dwelling  group  of  the  Papago  Indians  is  shown  in  the  tenth 
model  (Plate  44).  The  type  is  that  of  the  Sonoran  region.  The  Pa- 
pago Indians  are  of  Piman  stock,  inhabiting  Pima  County,  Arizona, 
and  the  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico.  They  dwell  in  dome-shaped  grass 
houses,  in  which  a frame  of  mesquite  poles  is  fastened  together  with 
yucca  twine,  covered  with  long  grass  and  mud,  and  protected  with 
stalks  of  the  ocotilla.  Other  outbuildings  are  the  kitchen  circle,  the 
pole-supported  shelter,  and  the  ruined  house  showing  structural  fea- 
tures. The  food  of  the  Papago  is  chiefly  vegetal,  the  staple  being  the 
beans  and  pods  of  the  mesquite  tree.  They  are  clever  potters.  The 
Papago  wear  little  costume,  the  modern  dress  being  of  European  or 
modified  European  pattern.  The  men  formerly  wrapped  skins  al)Out 
their  loins,  and  the  women  were  clad  in  fringed  petticoats  of  shredded 
l)ark  and  leaves. 

The  eleventh  model  (Plate  45)  illustrates  tiie  home  of  tlie  Goajiros 
Indians  of  Veiiezuela,  a type  of  the  Orinoco  ethnic  province.  The  dis- 
coverers of  the  coast  of  South  America  Avere  astonished  to  find  tribes 
living  in  huts  built  out  over  the  Avater,  and  so  they  gave  to  this  region 
the  name  of  Venezuela,  or  Little  Venice.  The  huts,  only  a few  feet 
square,  stood  among  the  trees,  on  platforms  constructed  by  interlacing 
the  stems.  The  houses  later  Avere  supported  on  piles  or  trunks  of 
trees,  sunk  in  the  Avater  and  standing  5 or  6 feet  high.  In  the  center 
of  each  platform  was  a pile  of  earth,  and  on  this  the  fire  was  built 
and  kept  continually  burning.  OA^er  the  })latforni  Avas  suspended  a low 
roof  thatched  with  palm  leaves.  Access  to  the  house  Avas  had  by 
means  of  a notched  trc'e  trunk.  The  natives  uioauhI  about  in  dugout 
canoes,  and  >vhen  the  water  was  high  one  of  these  could  be  seen  tied 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAN-AMEKICAX  EXPOSITION, 


211 


to  every  notched  ladder.  Little  clothing  was  worn,  but  there  was  much 
decoration  of  the  person  with  feathers  and  seeds,  and  the  bones  and 
teeth  of  small  animals. 

The  twelfth  model  (Plate  46)  illustrates  the  houses  and  human  life 
of  the  Tehuelche  tribe  of  Patagonia. 

Fabulous  stories  are  told  of  their  stature.  They  are,  in  fact,  among 
the  tallest  people  in  the  world.  Their  food  is  derived  mainly  from 
the  chase.  They  clothe  themseLes  in  skins  of  animals,  and  their 
women  are  expert  not  only  in  dressing  hides,  but  also  in  decorating 
them  with  patterns  of  various  colors. 

For  a house  the  Tehuelches  cover  a framework  of  sticks  with  a 
number  of  skins  sewed  together.  These  shelters,  generally  open  in 
front,  are  called  toldos,  and  the  furniture  consists  of  only  a few  rude 
appliances. 

In  this  exhibition  are  shown  a tent  in  process  of  construction,  a 
tinished  tent,  and  a temporary  shelter.  Men  and  women  are  engaged 
in  the  various  industrial  activities  of  the  tribe — dressing  hides,  curing 
meat,  and  erecting  the  tent. 

This  group  forms  one  of  a series  designed  to  set  forth  the  dwelling 
and  home  life  of  native  tribes  in  the  Western  Hemisphere. 

EXHIBITS  ILLUSTRATING  LEADING  ARTS  AND  INDUSTRIES  OF  THE 

NATIVE  AMERICANS. « 

Thirteen  series  of  exhibits  illustrating  native  handicraft  were  pre- 
sented, each  with  as  much  elaboration  as  the  subject  and  the  space 
would  permit.  They  represent  those  activities  that  seem  best  qualified 
to  conve}^  an  idea  of  the  culture  status  of  the  American  race.  Each 
series  of  products  is  made  to  cover  the  full  range  of  native  achieve- 
ment in  the  branch  illustrated. 

The  exhibits  include  the  following  subjects: 

1.  Fire-making  apparatus. 

2.  Bows  and  arrows. 

3.  Throwing  sticks. 

4.  Harpoons. 

5.  Water  craft. 

6.  Basketry. 

7.  Woven  fabrics. 

8.  Pottery. 

9.  Sculpture. 

10.  Personal  ornaments. 

11.  Tobacco  pipes. 

12.  Musical  instruments. 

13.  Pictography  and  writing. 

«The  majority  of  these  exhibits  were  arranged  under  the  direct  supervision  of 
Prof.  Otis  T.  Mason. 


212 


EEPOET  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


The  hrst  of  these  exhibits  (Plate  -IT)  illustrates  the  important  art 
of  fire  making.  The  fire  drill  was  in  almost  universal  use.  It  consists 
essentially  of  two  parts,  the  vertical  drill  of  hard  wood  and  the  hori- 
zontal socket  piece  of  soft,  dry  wood.  The  drill  is  rotated  by  the 
hands,  by  a strap,  or  with  a bow.  The  tire  is  produced  by  the  friction 
of  the  drill  in  the  socket  piece,  the  wood  dust  in  which  the  fire  arises 
falling  out  of  a notch  in  the  side  of  the  socket  and  igniting.  With  a 
reasonable  amount  of  experience  fire  may  be  made  by  almost  anyone 
using  the  specimens  shown  in  this  series. 

The  second  exhibit  (Plate  18)  shows  the  chief  types  of  bows  and 
arrows  for  the  several  culture  regions  of  the  American  continent, 
beginning  with  the  Arctic  province  at  the  north  and  ending  with  the 
Fuegian  at  the  Straits  of  Magellan.  The  eastern  Eskimo,  on  account 
of  the  poverty  of  material,  make  a compound  bow  of  whale’s  rib,  for- 
merly lashed  together  with  sinew,  but  now  riveted  and  wrapped.  The 
western  Eskimo  bow  is  backed  with  sinew,  and  in  many  examples  is 
indistinguishable  in  shape  from  the  Tartar  bow  on  the  Asiatic  side. 
Sinew  backing  continues  down  the  Pacific  side  of  the  continent  to  the 
Pueblo  region,  where  the  material  is  shredded  and  mixed  with  glue. 
Over  all  other  parts  of  America  the  bow  is  a simple  piece  of  wood  in 
various  forms,  according  to  locality. 

The  arrow  furnishes  one  of  the  best  bases  for  classifying  peoples, 
its  feathering,  shaft,  and  head  being  subject  to  modifications  of  mate- 
rial, size,  number  of  parts,  and  shape  of  parts  in  endless  variety. 

The  third  exhibit  (Plate  19)  shows  the  distribution  of  the  projec- 
tile apparatus  called  ‘Aitlatl”  by  the  ancient  Mexicans,  and  throw- 
ing stick,  or  dart  thrower,  in  ethnological  literature.  The  apparatus 
consists  of  a shaft  of  wood,  either  a round  stick  or  a flat  board,  with  a 
groove  on  top.  At  the  manual  end  or  base  may  l)e  seen  one  or  more 
pegs,  notches,  or  perforations  designed  to  receive  the  thumb  or  one 
or  more  fingers  of  the  right  hand.  At  the  working  or  outer  end  is  a 
hook  of  some  kind  to  fit  into  a hollow  at  the  end  of  the  harpoon,  dart, 
or  other  projectile.  The  throwing  stick  is  universal  among  the 
Eskimo;  occurs  also  on  the  north  Pacific  coast,  and  here  and  there 
among  the  tribes  southward;  in  the  Pueblo  country;  in  Sonora,  in  Mex- 
ico; in  great  numbers  throughout  southern  Mexico  and  Central  Amer- 
ica; in  southern  Florida;  along  the  Cordilleras  to  the  borders  of  Peru; 
at  various  places  on  the  Amazon,  and  in  the  Mato  Grosso.  Here  for 
the  first  time  a series  of  these  interesting  projectile  devices  are  brought 
together  and  exhil)ited  in  geographic  order. 

The  fourth  exhibit  (Plate  50)  sets  forth  the  different  forms  of  har- 
poons throughout  the  Westei-n  Hemisphere.  It  is  the  universal 
hunting  device  among  the  maritime  aborigines,  being  found  all  the 
way  from  the  farthest  north  to  the  Straits  of  Magellan.  A harpoon 
is  a spear  with  a movable  head  attached  to  the  shaft  by  a line,  for  the 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAK-AMEBICAK  EXPOSITIOK. 


213 


purpose  of  retrieving*  the  game.  There  are  two  varieties,  the  barbed 
and  the  toggle  harpoon.  The  barbed  harpoon  is  simply  the  head  of  a 
barbed  spear,  having  a short  line  attaching  it  to  the  front  end  of  the 
shaft.  It  is  impelled  from  the  hand,  from  a bow,  or  from  a throwing 
stick.  The  toggle  harpoon  has  its  head  hinged  on  the  end  of  a 
thong,  and  when  it  is  driven  into  an  animal  turns  and  forms  a T -shaped 
attachment,  as  on  the  end  of  a trace  chain.  The  simplest  form  of  the 
harpoon  is  found  at  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  and  for  this  reason  the 
series  begins  with  the  most  southern  example  and  proceeds  northward 
to  the  Arctic  region,  where  the  Eskimo,  assisted  by  the  fishermen  and 
the  whalers  of  the  world,  have  perfected  the  toggle  variet}x  The 
harpoon  is  used  almost  entirely  in  hunting  animals  by  water,  although 
there  are  harpoon  arrows,  used  for  birds.  This  will  l)e  plain  when  it 
is  remembered  that  all  harpoons  are  made  for  the  purpose  of  securing 
the  game  after  it  is  struck.  When  an  animal  is  lanced  on  the  land  the 
hunter  has  an  opportunity  of  following  up  his  efiort,  but  in  the  water 
the  whale,  walrus,  seal,  fish,  otter,  or  turtle  usually  disappears,  and 
the  float,  shaft,  bladder,  or  some  such  light  attachment  enables  the 
hunter  not  only  to  secure  his  game,  but  to  recover  the  precious  head 
of  his  weapon. 

The  fifth  exhibit  (Plate  51)  consists  of  boat  models  and  shows  the 
remarkable  connection  between  environment,  materials,  and  inven- 
tions in  navigation.  Beginning  with  the  Arctic  shores,  the  Eskimo 
rides  in  a skin-covered  kaiak  and  carries  freight  in  a skin-covered 
scow,  or  women’s  boat.  All  over  Canada  and  northern  United  States 
the  riding  boat  and  freight  boat  are  made  of  a light  framework  cov- 
ered with  birch  bark.  It  was  possible  in  one  of  these,  by  paddling 
and  by  carrying  across  portages,  to  pass  into  any  tributary  of  the 
Yukon,  Mackenzie,  and  St.  Lawrence  rivers — the  longest  inland  journey 
by  water  possible  in  the  world.  One  could  even  cross  the  watershed 
between  the  Great  Lakes  and  the  Mississippi,  and  pass  on  to  New 
Orleans.  In  eastern  United  States  only  poor  dugouts  were  known. 
On  the  Missouri  River  a crate  of  sticks  was  covered  with  hide  of  the 
buflalo,  and  called  a bull  boat.  On  the  Pacific  coast  of  North  America 
canoes  capable  of  making  sea  vo}^ages  of  500  miles  were  dug  out  from 
the  stem  of  a single  tree.  The  same  is  true  of  the  Caribbean  area, 
where  the  Caribs,  in  similar  craft,  visited  every  land  around  the  bor- 
ders of  that  sheet  of  water.  On  the  shores  of  Brazil  fishing  parties 
went  out  of  sight  of  the  land  in  sangadas  of  light  logs,  which  were 
fitted  with  sails.  Floats  of  reed  were  known  in  the  southern  States 
of  the  Union  and  on  the  west  coast  all  the  way  from  middle  California 
to  southern  Peru.  In  central  Brazil  a ‘‘wood  skin,”  cut  from  the  l)ark 
of  a tree  in  a few  minutes,  was  a common  means  of  transportation, 
and  the  Fuegians  made  seaworthy  craft  by  sewing  three  pieces  of 
bark  together,  one  forming  the  i)ottom  and  the  other  two  the  sides. 


214  REPORT  OP  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 

The  parts  were  sewed  with  baleen  and  made  water-tight  l)}^  means 
of  gum. 

It  is  the  design  of  the  sixth  exhibit  to  show  the  types  of  basketry 
for  the  whole  American  continent.  The  series  begins  in  the  upper 
left-hand  corner  of  the  case  with  the  coiled  basket  of  the  Eskimo;  then 
follow  Tinne  basketry,  from  interior  Alaska;  bark  work,  from  Canada: 
cane  work,  from  the  Gulf  States;  twined  work,  from  southeastern 
Alaska;  checker,  diagonal,  twined,  and  coiled  work,  from  the  Pacific 
States  of  the  Union;  coiled  and  diagonal  work,  from  Mexico;  wicker 
work,  from  Central  America;  diagonal  work,  from  Guiana;  and  coiled 
work,  from  Magellan  Straits.  The  species  of  plants  used,  and  the 
annual  rainfall,  which  determines  the  toughness  and  pliability  of  the 
material,  govern  largely  the  technic  and  the  quality  of  basketry  in  the 
several  culture  regions. 

Exhibit  No.  7 (Plate  52)  is  designed  to  show  the  chief  types  of 
textile  fabrics  in  various  culture  regions  of  the  two  Americas.  The 
general  term  weaving  is  sometimes  applied  also  to  basketry  and  mat 
ting,  but  here  the  material  is  first  made  into  yarn  or  twine  by  primi- 
tive modes  of  spinning,  either  in  the  fingers,  on  the  thigh,  or  with  a 
spindle.  The  frames  on  which  the  weaving  was  done  range  in  com- 
plexity from  a mere  bar  or  yarn  beam,  over  which  the  warp  was  hung, 
to  a rude  loom  in  which  harness  was  employed  to  shift  the  warp. 
There  were  also  battens  with  which  to  force  home  the  weft.  In  the 
Central  American  and  Peruvian  weaving  an  additional  shifting  of 
warp  was  effected  l)y  simple  mechanical  devices.  The  llama  furnished 
one  of  the  finest  staples  in  the  world,  and  the  delicate  spindles  found 
in  ancient  graves  of  Peruvian  women  show  that  the  art  of  working  in 
the  wool  of  this  animal  had  been  highly  developed. 

Th('.  specimens  shown  in  group  8 (Plate  53)  are  type  forms  of  the 
pottery  of  the  aborigines.  This  art  ffourished  among  the  more  cul- 
tured, sedentary  tribes  and  was  unknown,  or  but  crudeh"  practiced, 
in  the  far  north  and  south,  and  where  nomadic  life  was  the  rule.  The 
mound-building  peojde  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and  various  tribes 
in  the  southern  States  farther  east,  were  skilful  potters,  fashioning 
varied  and  artistu*  forms  and  excelling  in  the  simpler  modes  of  decora- 
tion. The  Pueblo  peoples  of  the  arid  Southwest  were,  and  still  are, 
expert  potters,  but  the  art  was  carried  to  its  highest  stage  by  the 
more  cultured  nations  of  Mexico,  Central  and  South  America.  Pot- 
t(uy  was  manufadured  mainly  for  domestic  uses,  but  ceremonial  pur- 
poses were  also  subserved.  The  strong  native  love  of  symbolism  led 
to  most  varied  and  elaborate  utilization  of  life  forms,  both  in  model- 
ing and  in  surface  decoration.  The  wheel  as  a means  of  throwing 
forms  was  unknown,  and  the  art  of  glazing  had  not  been  discovered. 

The  ninth  exhiliit  (Plate  54)  shows  in  brief  how  far  the  aboriginal 
tribes  of  the  Western  Hemisphere  had  progressed  in  sculpture,  or 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAX-AMEKICAX  EXPOSITION. 


215 


the  representation  of  natural  forms  in  stone,  wood,  hone,  etc.,  in  the 
round  or  in  relief.  In  the  extreme  North,  beyond  the  limit  of  tree 
growth,  drift-wood  and  walrus  ivory  were  and  are  the  materials  used. 
On  the  north  Pacific  coast  horn,  slate,  and  wood  are  utilized  to  excel- 
lent advantage,  but  in  other  regions  the  art  is  not  extensively  prac- 
ticed at  the  present  time.  Formerh"  maii}^  of  the  American  tribes 
excelled  in  carving,  especially  in  stone,  which  material  was  shaped  to 
represent  man,  animals,  and  fanciful  creatures  in  endless  variety.  The 
inspiration  for  this  work  was  furnished  by  the  religious  symbolism  of 
the  people.  Statuary  as  a purely  aesthetic  art  was  uidcnown  to  the 
al)origines,  and  thev  had  not  advaiiced  to  the  stage  where  accurate  por- 
traiture was  appreciated. 

Shaping  implements  were  made  of  stone,  copper,  bone,  wood,  etc. 
The  hammer  stone  served  for  breaking,  flaking,  and  pecking,  the  saw 
for  dividing,  the  drill  for  boring,  the  grinding  stone  for  shaping  and 
smoothing,  and  the  knife  and  chisel  for  cutting. 

The  tenth  exhibit  (Plate  55)  shows  how,  throughout  the  entire 
American  continent,  adornment  of  the  person  gathers  its  materials 
from  the  most  beautiful  and  durable  of  the  native  products.  The 
necklace  is  worn  always  for  jewelry,  and  is  made  up  of  those  objects 
which  are  considered  precious  in  their  several  localities.  In  the 
Arctic  province  it  is  ivory,  bone,  and  wood;  on  the  Pacific  coast,  den- 
dentalium,  abalone,  and  other  shells;  in  the  interior  basin,  the  seeds 
of  plants  I in  the  tropical  regions,  teeth  of  animals,  wings  of  insects, 
feathers  of  birds;  and  in  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  where  the  Fuegian 
tribes  can  scarcely  be  said  to  wear  clothing,  they  gather  the  pretty 
little  shells  from  the  beach  and  string  them  on  thongs  of  sinew  for  the 
adornment  of  the  person.  In  the  codices  and  sculptures  of  the  more 
cultivated  races  this  same  passion  for  adorning  the  neck  and  breast  is 
exhibited,  but  with  them  stone  of  rare  colors  and  varieties,  and  copper, 
silver,  and  gold  were  in  favor. 

In  the  eleventh  series  (Plate  56)  is  assembled  a collection  of  appa- 
ratus illustrating  smoking  and  snufling  customs  of  the  aborigines  of 
America.  Instead  of  being  counted  luxuries,  the  customs  connected 
with  these  practices  were  associated  with  their  civil,  military,  and 
religious  life.  In  aboriginal  times  these  practices  were  not  universal 
throughout  the  Western  Hemisphere:  they  were  more  in  vogue  in 
North  and  Central  America  than  in  South  America.  The  western 
Eskimo  pipes  show  Asiatic  influence.  Mackenzie  says  that  the  Atha- 
pascan tribes  did  not  know  the  use  of  tobacco;  but  the  forms  of  pipes 
found  in  various  regions  of  North  America  are  so  highty  specialized 
and  so  intimately  associated  with  other  classes  of  antiquities,  assuredly 
pre-Columbian,  that  we  must  conclude  that  the  tobacco  pipe  was  of 
native  origin.  Stone  was  a favoilte  material  for  its  manufacture. 


216 


REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


but  wood,  bone,  and  pottery  were  in  common  use.  The  exhibit  will 
convey  a good  idea  of  the  range  of  form  and  material,  and  of  the 
geographical  distribution. 

In  a limited  manner  the  specimens  in  the  twelfth  group  (Plate  57) 
illustrate  the  attempts  of  the  aboriginal  Americans  to  record  their 
thoughts  in  symbols.  Save  in  the  making  of  calendars  the  art  of 
expressing  concrete  thoughts  in  syllabic  or  phonetic  symbols  had  not 
been  reached  anywhere,  even  among  the  barbaric  tribes  of  Mexico, 
Central  America,  and  Peru.  W riting  was  by  means  of  pictures,  parts 
of  pictures,  and  rebuses.  The  Eskimo  etched  long  prompters  for 
stories  on  ivory,  the  forest  tribes  carved  them  on  wood  or  scratched 
them  on  bark,  the  Plains  Indians  painted  them  on  robes,  while  the 
Mexicans  and  Mayans  sculptured  them  in  stone  or  painted  them  on 
codices  of  native  paper.  The  originals  of  the  writings,  called  codices, 
were  painted  on  cotton  cloth,  skins,  or  paper  made  from  the  maguey 
plant,  by  native  artists,  long  before  the  conquest  by  Spain.  They 
contain  histories,  genealogical  tables,  tribute  rolls,  land  titles,  laws, 
calendars,  and  minute  instructions  concerning  matters  of  religion. 
Hundreds  of  them  were  ruthlessl}^  destroyed  by  the  Spaniards,  but  a 
few  were  preserved  and  are  now  kept  with  strictest  care  in  the  great 
libraries  of  Europe.  By  the  munificence  of  His  Excellency,  Duke  de 
Loubat,  copies  of  existing  specimens  are  being  made  in  the  highest 
style  of  modern  reproduction,  so  that  scholars  may  have  the  oppor- 
tunity of  studying  them.  In  this  exhibit  will  be  seen  facsimilies  of 
the  Codex  Yaticanus,  3773,  and  the  Codex  de  Rios,  now  in  the  Vatican 
Library;  Codex  Cospianus,  library  of  the  University  of  Bologna;  and 
Codex  Borbonicus,  in  the  Palais  Bourbon,  Paris. 

The  thirteenth  exhibit  is  designed  to  show  the  distribution  of  time- 
marking musical  devices  among  the  al^original  Americans.  There  was 
entire  absence  of  attempts  at  harmonics  among  the  native  tribes  of 
the  Western  Hemisphere.  Their  melodic  scale  has  not  been  deter- 
mined. No  mention  of  stringed  musical  instruments  is  found  in  an}^ 
early  writer,  and  all  such  found  in  the  hands  of  Indians  now  are  of 
foreign  patterns.  Tlie  whistle,  the  flageolet,  and  the  simple  conch- 
shell  horn  were  in  vogue  in  many  places,  but  the  universal  musical 
instrument  was  for  rhythm  alone,  in  the  form  of  the  drum  or  the 
rattle.  The  Eskimo  made  his  time-marking  instrument  of  skin,  the 
West  Coast  tribes  of  wood,  the  Indians  of  the  plains  of  hoofs  of  ani- 
mals, the  Pueblo  Indians  of  gourds,  the  coast  tribes  of  shells,  those  of 
British  Columbia  of  wood  and  basketry.  In  each  region  the  time- 
keeper found  some  natuml  olrject  ready  at  hand  to  do  him  service. 

EXTIIIUTS  REPRESENTINU  THE  ART  COLLECTIONS. 

Distinct  from  the  above  groups  of  ethnological  material  are  two 
series  of  exhibits  representing  the  ai‘t  collections  of  the  Smithsonian 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAH-AMERICAN  EXPOSITION. 


217 


Institution  and  installed  with  the  special  exhibit  of  the  Institution. 
They  are  (1)  engravings  of  twenty-four  masterpieces  of  portraiture; 
and  (2)  reproductions  of  twentj-four  masterpieces  of  landscape  and 
figure  painting. 

In  addition  to  the  exhibits  displayed  in  the  systematic  series  along 
with  the  other  National  Museum  exhibits  in  the  Government  building, 
the  following  exhibits  were  prepared  for  other  departments  of  the 
Exposition  and  lent  to  them  during  the  continuance  of  the  fair: 

1.  Series  of  trephined  skulls  from  Peru,  lent  to  the  Division  of 
Ethnology  and  Archaeology  of  the  Exposition. 

2.  Ten  plaster  busts  of  American  Indians  and  Eskimo,  lent  to  the 
DiAUsion  of  Ethnology  and  Archaeology  of  the  Exposition. 

3.  Series  of  casts  of  type  forms  of  Indian  stone  implements,  lent  to 
the  Division  of  Ethnology  and  Archaeology  of  the  Exposition. 

•I.  Two  lay  figures  of  Sioux  Indians,  lent  to  the  Indian  Office 
Exhibit,  Interior  Department. 

5.  Lay  figure  of  a Filipino  girl,  weaving  at  a loom,  lent  to  the  Goa^- 
ernment  Commission  of  the  Exposition  and  installed  in  the  Philippine 
exhibit.  Government  Building. 

It  is  not  assumed  that  the  exhiints  described  in  the  preceding  pages 
are  completed.  They  are  merely  such  as  could  be  assembled,  on  the 
plan  adopted,  Avithin  the  six  months  alloAved  for  the  work.  Many 
changes  and  additions  will  l)e  made  when  the}^  are  finally  set  up  in  the 
National  Museum.  The  lay  figure  groups  Avill  be  enlarged  to  a uni- 
form size,  a series  of  casts  illustrating  physical  types  of  the  peopffi 
Avill  be  added,  pictures  Avill  aid  in  completing  the  exhil)it,  and  seA^eral 
neAv  series  of  ol)jects  will  serve  to  Aviden  the  field  coA^ered. 

It  is  confidentlv  expected  that  the  completed  exhibit  will  come  more 
nearly  bringing  within  reach  of  the  average  person  a full  conception 
of  the  nature  American  race  and  its  culture  than  any  asseml)lage  of 
museum  material  yet  made. 

Credit  is  due  to  a number  of  collaborators  in  the  preparation  of  this 
exhil)it,  to  Prof.  O.  T.  Mason,  curator  of  ethnology,  for  his  energy 
in  selecting  and  arranging  the  ethnological  material  and  in  the  prepa- 
ration of  the  series  of  labels,  eml)odied  largely  in  the  present  text; 
and  to  Dr.  Walter  Hough,  assistant  ethnologist;  to  T.  W.  SweeiiA"  for 
competent  service  in  arranging  and  mounting  the  several  series  of 
artifacts;  to  C.  11.  Luscoml)e,  modeler  of  the  dAvelling  groups;  to 
Frank  Lemon,  II.  J.  Ellicott,  and  U.  S.  J.  Dunbar,  sculptors,  for 
skilful  work  in  modeling  the  life-size  figures;  to  Mrs.  KateC.  Holmes 
for  lifelike  coloration  of  the  figures;  to  H.  W.  Hendley  and  C.  E. 
Johnson,  builders  of  the  lay  figures,  and  especiallv  to  Mr.  Hendle}^  for 
A^alued  aid  in  setting  up  the  groups. 

I Avas  fortunate  in  securing  a set  of  vieAvs  of  the  lay  figure  groups 
and  of  nearly  all  the  other  exhibits.  The  work  Avas  done  by  tAvo  of 


2l8 


REPOKT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


oar  foremost  photographers,  Mr.  T.  W.  Smillie,  photographer  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  and  National  Museum,  and  Miss  Frances  B. 
Johnston,  an  artist  of  international  reputation.  The  difficulties  in  the 
case  were  very  great.  The  exhibits  were  installed  in  the  darkest  sec- 
tion of  the  Government  building,  and  owing  to  the  interference  of 
timbers  and  drapery  were  very  unevenly  lighted.  The  glass  fronts 
of  the  cases  were  so  inserted  that  they  could  not  be  removed,  and  the 
reflections  proved  extremely  troublesome.  Selecting  a Sunday  morn- 
ing for  the  work,  we  avoided  the  crowds  that  filled  the  building  during 
the  week  days.  Two  sheets  of  dark  cloth  were  secured,  each  about 
Id  feet  square,  and  while  one  of  these  was  tacked  over  tlie  back  of  the 
case  as  a background  for  the  group,  the  other,  held  by  two  men  on  step- 
ladders  behind  the  camera,  served  to  prevent  reflections  in  the  glass. 
The  woodwork  of  the  cases  interfered  somewhat  with  the  view  in  sev- 
eral cases,  but  by  painting  out  and  retouching  the  parts  have  been 
restored,  and  a reasonably  uniform  result  has  been  secured. 

It  may  be  noted  that  at  the  time  of  the  handing  in  of  this  paper  the 
exhibit  is  on  view,  about  one-half  in  the  Charleston  Exposition  and  the 
remainder  in  the  halls  of  the  National  Museum. 


THE  EXHIBIT  MADE  BY  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  GEOLOGY. 

By  George  P.  Merrill, 

Head  Curator. 

The  exhibit  made  by  the  Department  of  Geology  at  Buffalo  was 
directBGn  line  with  that  in  the  Museum  at  Washington,  differing  only 
in  that  special  series  were  selected  which  seemed  best  suited  to  the 
pui’pose,  when  the  place,  time,  character  of  the  Exposition,  and  limited 
amount  of  space  (1,520  scp  ft.)  were  taken  into  consideration.  (See 
Plates  5S  and  59.) 

Tlie  work  of  preparation  was  begun  early  in  the  year  and  continued 
until  tlie  installation  was  completed  at  Buffalo  on  May  1.  While- by 
no  means  the  entire  force  of  the  Department  was  thus  occupied, 
neverthidess,  the  matter  was  alwa}LS  uppermost  and  interfered  seriously 
with  the  ordinary  routine  work  of  the  Museum. 

An  attempt  was  made  to  procure  for  the  Exposition  a fairly  com- 
plete skeleton  of  a mastodon,  and  Messrs.  Lucas  and  Stewart  made 
several  excursions  for  the  purpose  of  investigating  reported  finds  of 
such  remains;  but  the  results  were  in  all  cases  unsatisfactoiy.  As  will 
be  noted  later,  however,  a small  series  of  more  or  less  fragmentary 
material  was  obtained. 

Tlirough  a joint  arrangement  with  the  United  States  Geological  Sur- 
vey, sufficient  funds  wer(‘  obtained  for  a model  of  a skeleton  of  Triceratops 
pyroTHUH^  the  work  of  preparation  of  which  occupied  one  preparator 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAX-AMEKICAN  EXPOSITION. 


219 


and  one  or  more  modelers,  besides  the  attention  of  the  curator  of  the 
section,  for  a largfe  part  of  the  time  until  the  final  installation  at 
Buffalo. 

The  details  of  the  exhibits  of  the  various  divisions  are  given  below. 
No  exhibit  was  made  by  the  section  of  paleobotany. 

I.— DIVISION  OF  GEOLOGY. 

The  exhibit  for  the  Division  of  Geology  proper  comprised  five  wall 
and  one  special  case,  four  of  the  wall  cases  being  occupied  b}^  cave, 
hot-spring,  and  geyser  deposits,  concretions,  and  siliciffed  woods. 
One  case  was  set  aside  for  an  exhibit  of  the  rocks  of  the  Hawaiian 
Islands,  the  recent  annexation  of  which  rendered  a special  exhibit  at 
this  time  appropriate.  The  following  transcript  of  the  label  which 
accompanied  this  last  collection  is  sufficiently  descriptive  for  present 
purposes: 

ROCKS  PROM  THE  HAWAIIAN  ISEAXDS. 

The  Hawaiian  Islands  are  eight  in  number,  lying  near  the  north  tropic  between 
the  parallels  of  latitude  19°  and  22^°.  They  are  of  volcanic  origin,  but  volcanic 
activity  has  ceased  on  all  except  the  island  of  Hawaii,  the  largest  and  most  southern 
of  the  group.  The  rocks  of  the  islands  are  therefore  all  of  an  igneous  nature,  with 
the  exception  of  the  limestones  of  the  coral  reefs  which  were  formed  along  the  shores. 
The  collection  here  shown  consists  of  a series  of  specimens  collected  mainly  from  the 
islands  Oahu  and  Hawuii  by  members  of  the  Wilkes  Exploring  Expedition  in  1840, 
by  A.  B.  Lyons  in  1892,  and  Prof.  C.  H.  Hitchcock  in  1899.  It  is  intended  to  show 
the  characteristic  forms  of  the  lavas  and  the  ordinary  rock  types,  as  well  as  the  soils 
resulting  from  their  decomposition. 

Perhaps  the  most  unique  exhibit  pertaining  to  this  division  was  a 
collection  of  such  of  the  elements,  exclusive  of  the  gaseous  forms,  as 
are  found  in  an  uncombined  or  free  state  in  nature.  The  transcript  of 
the  general  label  for  this  exhibit  is  given  below: 

riTE  KATT^  E EEEMEXl  S. 


Of  the  seventy-two  known  elements,  there  are,  with  the  exception  of  certain  gas- 
eous forms,  but  sixteen  which  have  thus  far  been  found  in  the  earth’s  crust  in  a 
native  or  uncombined  state.  These  sixteen  are  as  follows: 


1.  Carbon. 

2.  Sulphur. 

3.  Selenium. 

4.  Tellurium. 

5.  Arsenic. 

6.  Antimony. 

7.  Bismuth. 

8.  Gold. 


9.  Silver. 


10.  Copper. 

11.  Lead. 

12.  Mercury. 

13.  Platinum. 

14.  Iridium  \ 

15.  Osmium  j 

16.  Iron. 


Iridosmine. 


So  far  as  possible  these  are  shown  in  the  accompanying  collection.  Iridium  and 
osmium  are  shown  only  in  the  form  of  the  natural  alloy  iridosmine,  and  selenium  as 
selen-sulphur.  Lead  occurs  native  in  but  minute  quantities.  Palladium  has  been 
reported  native,  but  is  extremely  rare. 


220 


REPORT  OP  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


The  most  striking  of  the  objects  here  brought  together  were  a 
small  but  very  perfect  octahedral  crystal  of  a diamond  from  South 
Africa;  a line  large  mass  of  native  arsenic  from  the  Hartz  Moun- 
tains, Germany;  a like  mass  of  antimony  from  New  Brunswick;  beau- 
tiful examples  of  wire  and  moss  gold  from  California;  branching 
crystals  of  silver  and  copper  from  the  Lake  Superior  mines;  thin  films 
of  native  lead  from  Sweden;  tellurium  from  Nevada;  iridosmine  from 
the  Pacific  coast  of  Oregon;  native  iron  from  Greenland,  and  a fine 
water-worn  nugget  of  platinum  weighing  444  grams  from  the  Nijni 
Tagilsk  district,  Kussia. 

There  was  also  a case  of  striking  concretionary  forms,  including 
examples  of  the  so-called  ‘‘kiigeP’  or  orbicular  granites  from  Sweden, 
Finland,  and  Phode  Island,  and  of  the  septarian  concretions  of  clay 
ironstone  from  Weymouth,  England;  New  York;  Kansas,  and  other 
localities.  Examples  of  the  individual  specimens  are  shown  on  Plates 
60  and  61. 

TL— DIVISION  OF  MINERALOGAL 

The  exhibit  of  the  Division  of  Mineralogy  was  arranged  with  the 
following  objects  in  view:  To  make  as  attractive  a display  as  possible 
with  the  material  and  space  available;  to  illustrate  methods  of  arrange- 
ment and  installation  used  by  the  division;  to  be  self-explanatory  and 
complete  in  itself.  In  the  carrying  out  of  this  a systematic  arrange- 
ment of  minerals  was  planned  which  should  show  specimens  of  the 
more  important  minerals  and  their  arrangement  in  accordance  with 
the  general  scheme  of  classification,  as  outlined  in  the  label,  a transcript 
of  which  is  given  l)elow: 

A SYSTEMA  I'K!  AU  H ANG  KiVtliX T OF  MmKHALS. 

The  elieinical  composition  of  the  mineral  determines  its  position  in  the  several 
classes.  These  classes,  v/hich  are  arranged  in  accordance  with  certain  chemical  laws 
having  the  i)eriodic  arrangement  of  the  elements  as  a l)asis,  are  made  np  of  those 
minerals  liaving  the  same  dominant  negative  chemica]  radical  from  wdiich  the  class 
name  is  derived,  as  sulphide,  silicate,  etc.  The  whole  is  divided  into  two  general 
grou])S — native  elements  and  compounds  of  the  elements.  The  compounds  of  the 
elements  are  further  divided  and  grouped  under  certain  (lasses  according  to,  and 
which  take  their  names  from,  their  more  negative  constituents,  as  follows:  Com- 
j*ounds  of  the  halogens,  fluorides,  chlorides,  bromides,  and  iodides.  Compounds  of 
sul})hur,  selenium,  and  tellurium;  also  arsenic  and  antimony,  including  sulphides, 
selenides,  and  tellurides;  arsenides,  antiiiKmides,  sulj)harsenides,  and  sulphantimo- 
]iides;  also  sulphosalts.  Oxygen  compounds,  including  oxides  and  the  oxygen  salts, 
borates,  aluminates,  chromites,  ferrites,  manganites,  plumhates,  arsenites  and  anti- 
monites,  selenites  and  tellurites,  carl:)onates,  sili(*ates,  titanates,  columbates  and  tan- 
talates,  nitrates,  vanadates,  {(hosphates,  arsenates  and  antimonates,  sulphates, 
selenates  and  tellurates,  chromates,  molybdates  and  tungstates,  iodates,  and  uranates. 
('om])ounds  of  organic  origin,  including  salts  of  organic  acids  and  carbon  compounds. 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAX-AMEEICAX  EXPOSITION. 


221 


Each  of  these  classes  was  preceded  by  a general  label  giving  a short 
statement  of  its  more  important  chemical  characters,  as  illustrated  by 
the  following  example: 

CLASS— SILICATES. 

The  silicates,  derivatives  of  the  several  silicic  acids  H4Si04,  H2Si0g,  HgSi207^ 
H2Si205,  and  H^SigOg,  or  compounds  of  silicon  oxide  with  other  oxides,  constitute 
about  nine-tenths  of  the  known  crust  of  the  earth  and  more  than  one-fourth  of  the 
known  kinds  of  minerals.  Isomorphic  combinations  are  the  rule,  and  the  class 
exhibits  great  diversity  of  composition.  For  example,  the  ratio  of  oxygen  in  silica 
to  that  in  combined  oxide  may  vary  for  monad  and  dyad  elements,  such  as  potas- 
sium or  calcium,  between  2:4  and  4:1;  and  for  silicates  of  triad  elements,  such  as 
aluminum  or  iron,  between  2:6  and  12:3.  Again,  it  is  not  unusual  to  find  a silicate 
containing  both  potassium  and  calcium,  or  the  oxides  of  iron  and  aluminum,  or  of 
calcium  and  aluminum,  and  that  not  necessarily  in  atomic  proportion.  But  although 
certain  oxides  are  capal)le  of  mutual  replacement  in  any  and  all  proportions,  such 
as  the  sesquioxide  of  iron  or  aluminum,  or  the  monoxide  of  calcium,  magnesium, 
iron,  manganese,  sodium,  or  lithium ; and  though  a silicate  may  contain  at  once  a mix- 
ture of  sesquioxides  and  monoxides  in  combination  with  silica,  the  jfiace  of  a monox- 
ide is  not  taken  l^y  a sesquioxide,  nor  that  of  a sesquioxide  by  a monoxide. 

Following  the  class  label,  arranged  in  order  from  left  to  right,  were 
placed  the  several  members  of  the  class,  selected  to  illustrate  as  com- 
pletely as  possible  their  occurrences,  associations,  and  variety  in  form 
and  color.  Each  specimen  was  mounted  on  a block  and  accompanied 
by  a small  label  giving  the  name  of  the  mineral,  its  associations,  if 
any,  and  its  locality.  ^ 

Conspicuous  among  the  several  classes  were  the  fiuorides,  carbon- 
ates, silicates,  and  chromates,  the  individuals  comprising  them  being 
especially  notable  for  their  beauty  and  vivid  coloring.  Among  the 
fluorides  were  shown  a magnificent  series  of  German,  English,  and 
American  fluors  having  an  extensive  color  range,  including  white,  yel- 
low, green,  violet,  sky,  and  amethystine  blue,  rose  red,  and  lilac. 
Among  the  carbonates  were  the  minerals  malachite  and  azurite,  the 
former  bright  green  in  color,  the  latter  a fine  Berlin  blue.  In  addi- 
tion a botryoidal  mass  of  these  two  minerals  was  shown  in  which  the 
malachite  and  azurite  are  in  alternate  concentric  layers,  giving  rise  to 
a strong  and  pleasing  contrast  of  color. 

The  display  feature  was  well  developed  in  the  class  silicates  where 
the  green  of  microcline  was  contrasted  with  the  rich  blue  of  sodalite. 
Among  the  tourmalines  was  shown  the  cross  section  of  a ciystal  red 
internally,  passing  into  a lighter  hue,  and  finally  green;  there  was  also 
a fine  mass  of  California  rubellite  of  a delicate  pink  color  on  a ground- 
mass  of  lilac-colored  lepidolite.  Play  of  color  was  well  illustrated  by 
a fine  cleavage  mass  of  labradorite  from  Isle  of  Paul,  in  which  blue 
and  green  predominate. 

The  series  as  a whole  comprised  some  500  specimens  and  17  group 
labels  installed  in  4 slope-top  cases,  as  shown  in  Plates  58  and  59. 


222 


EEPOET  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


III.— DIVISION  OF  STEATIGEAPHIC  PALEONTOLOGY. 

A.  Section  of  Invertebrate  Fossils. 

The  exhibit  of  the  section  of  invertebrate  fossils  formed  two  series 
comprising  the  more  interesting  crinoids  and  cephalopods,  the  first 
being  illustrated  by  94  and  the  second  by  156  genera.  The  object 
of  the  collections  was  to  illustrate  by  specimens  and  descriptive  labels 
the  anatom}^  and  generic  characters  of  the  hard  parts  of  these  animals 
as  known  to  paleontologists,  and  incidentally  to  illustrate  the  methods 
of  installation  practiced  in  this  section. 

Each  series  began  with  an  introductory  label  defining  the  essential 
characters  of  each  class  of  organisms.  As  many  technical  words  were 
involved  in  the  description,  a second  series  of  labels  was  prepared,  in 
which  the  terms  were  defined  and  which  were  accompanied  by  speci- 
mens on  which  the  parts  referred  to  were  artificially  colored.  As  it 
may  be  desirable  to  build  up  similar  series  for  other  exhibits,  some- 
time in  the  future,  the  transcript  of  the  introductory  and  explanatory 
labels  is  given  below.  Plates  62-69  show  the  character  of  the  mate- 
rial comprised  in  the  crinoid  series. 

This  exhibit  was  comprised  in  the  five  screen  cases  indistinctly 
shown  at  the  left  in  Plate  58. 

INTRODUCTORY  LABEL. 

CLASS  CUmOIDEA. 

Crinoids,  or  sea  lilies  or  stone  lilies,  are  marine  animals  related  to  the  starfishes, 
and  like  them  have  in  the  outer  integnment  a skeleton  of  calcareous  ossicles.  A 
normal  crinoid  consists  of  a crown  attached  by  its  dorsal  or  aboral  extremity  to  a 
stern.,  which  is  fixed  to  tlie  sea  floor  or  to  some  solid  body  by  a root.  They  are  gre- 
garious, locally  restricted,  animals,  have  existed  since  Cambrian  time,  and  live  in 
the  seas,  ranging  from  shallow  water  down  to  about  3 miles  beneath  the  ocean 
surface.  In  Paleozoic  time  they  had  greatest  development,  and  their  separated 
ossicles  occasionally  form  beds  of  limestone  of  considerable  thickness.  In  the  Car- 
boniferous rocks  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  crinoids  are  often  well  preserved  and  good 
crowns  are  not  rare.  More  than  300  species  are  known  from  the  vicinity  of  Burling- 
ton, Iowa. 

The  crinoids,  from  a pliylogenetic  standpoint,  are  divided  into  the  subclasses 
Monocyclica  and  Dicyclica,  and  these  divisions  are  again  separated  into  six  orders, 
five  suborders,  and  two  grades,  all  of  which  are  here  illustrated  by  specimens.  Of 
recognized  genera  there  are  upward  of  240. 

SPECIAI.  EXPI.ANATORY  LABELS. 

THE  Cl?OWI^. 

(See  Plate  62.) 

The  crown  consists  of  the  dorr<d  cup  or  shortly  cuj)  (colored  blue),  the  tegmen, 
sometimes  called  disk  or  vault  (red),  and  the  //mc/u'n  or  arms  (yellow),  which  are 
generally  ]>rovided  with  pinnules  (lilack),  and  often  there  is  an  cmnl  tube  (brown). 

24185.  Platycrrinns  hemisphericus.  l.ower  Carbonic. 

24191.  Cyathocriinis  miiltibrachiatus.  Lower  Carbonic. 

24163.  Batocriiius  wachsmnthi.  Lower  Carlionic.  The  bracliia  are  removed 
to  show  the  tegmen  and  anal  tnlie. 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAX-AMEKICAN  EXPOSITION. 


223 


THP  DORSAL  CUP. 

(See  Plate  63. ) 

The  dorsal  cup  in  its  simplest  form  is  composed  of  two  or  three  circlets  of  five 
plates,  those  in  one  circlet  alternating  with  the  five  in  the  adjacent  circlet.  Of  these 
the  most  important  are  those  that  support  the  hrachia,  and  to  them  the  term  radials 
is  restricted  (colored  blue).  The  interradial  plates  below  these  are  the  basals  (col- 
ored red),  so  called  because  in  many  crinoids  they  form  the  base  of  the  cup  and  rest 
on  the  stem.  Such  crinoids  are  called  monocyclic.  In  other  crinoids  a circlet  of  infra- 
occurs  beneath  the  basals  (colored  yellow),  and  these,  therefore,  are  known 
as  dicyclic. 

Primarily  there  are  five  plates  in  each  circlet;  but  owing  to  the  fusion  of  two  or 
more  of  the  proximal  plates  the  number  of  basals  in  monocyclic  forms  may  be  reduced 
to  four,  three,  or  even  two,  and  the  infrabasals  in  dicyclic  crinoids  to  three. 

The  cup  often  has,  in  addition  to  the  plates  above  described,  supplementary  plates 
known  as  “anals”  and  “interbrachials,”  which  assist  in  enlarging  the  cup. 

776.  Batocrinus  longirostris.  Lower  Carbonic.  The  cup  plates  not  col- 
ored are  the  interbraclimU. 

7519.  Platycrinus  planus.  Lower  Carbonic. 

24191.  Cyathocrinus  multibrachiatus.  Lower  Carbonic. 

THE  TEGMEJf. 

(See  Plate  64. ) 

The  tegmen  in  its  simplest  form  is  composed  of  five  plates  called  deltoids  or  orals 
(colored  red).  There  are  nearly  always  iwesent  also  ambulacrals  (colored  blue) 
covering  the  food  grooves  or  ambulacra  that  lead  from  the  hrachia  to  the  mouth. 
In  many  Paleozoic  genera  the  ambulacra!  plates  are  covered  by  the  interradial  dome 
plates  (colored  yellow).  When  the  dorsal  cup  is  enlarged  by  other  plates  than  those 
of  a simple  crinoid,  the  tegmen  also  introduces  supplementary  plates  known  as  inter- 
amlmlacrals  (black).  Finally  the  tegmen  may  be  in  the  form  of  a coriaceous  skin, 
in  which  large  numbers  of  thin  calcareous  ossicles  are  embedded. 

The  mouth  is  nearly  always  covered  by  the  deltoids  or  the  dome  plates,  while  the 
anus,  which  is  closed  by  a valvular  pyramid,  is  often  surrounded  l)y  or  raised  on 
small  plates  (colored  brown). 

24,185.  Platycrinus  hemisphericns.  Lower  Carbonic. 

768.  Dorycrinus  unicornis.  Lower  Carbonic.  The  anal  pyramid  is  not 
preserved. 

775.  Batocrinus  elegans.  Lower  Carbonic.  The  anal  tube  is  broken  away. 
24,413.  Strotocrinns  regalis.  Lower  Carl )onic.  A natural  cast  of  the  interior 
surface  of  the  tegmen  showing  the  ambulacral  grooves. 

THE  RRAC  HIA  AND  PINNULES. 

(See  Plate  65. ) 

The  hrachia  or  arms  in  their  simplest  form  consist  of  a series  of  ossicles  called 
brachials  (colored  blue),  which  continue  straight  up  from  the  radials  (colored  red). 
The  brachials  may  be  in  single  or  alternating  double  rows,  and  hence  are  spoken  of 
as  uniserial  or  biserial.  The  inner  surface  of  the  hrachia  are  grooved  for  the  ti’ans- 
mission  of  food-laden  water  to  the  mouth  and  for  the  soft  parts;  and  these  are  })ro- 
tected  by  covering  plates  called  ambulacrals  (yellow),  which  can  open  or  close  as 
occasion  demands. 


224 


KEPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


The  brachia  are  rarely  single,  usually  bifurcating  in  a regular  or  irregular  manner 
at  definite  points.  T\\q  pinnule  (colored  black)  is  a brachium  in  miniature;  it  differs 
in  nothing  but  position  from  the  small  end  branches  of  a simple  dichotomous  arm. 
However,  when  the  pinnules  are  regularly  placed  on  alternate  sides  of  successive 
brachials  of  the  main  branch  the  arm  is  said  to  be  pinnulate.  To  these  pinnules  are 
restricted  the  fertile  portions  of  the  genital  rachis. 

24,193.  Scytalocrinus  robustus.  Lower  Carbonic.  Brachia  pinnulate  with 
regular  bifurcations.  Brachials  in  single  columns. 

34,087.  Platycrinus  agassizi.  Lower  Carbonic.  Brachia  pinnulate  with  regu- 
lar bifurcations.  Brachials  in  double,  alternating  columns. 

24.191.  Cyathocrinus  multibrachiatus.  Lower  Carbonic.  Brachia  dichoto- 

mous, without  pinnules. 

24.155.  Barycrinus  hercules.  Lower  Carbonic.  Pinnulate  brachia  showing 

the  ambulacral  groove  and  ambulacral  plates. 

THE  ANAE  AKEA. 

(See  Plate  66.) 

In  most  crinoids  there  is  inserted  in  an  interradius  one  or  more  extra  pieces  called 
anal  })lates  (colored  red).  The  anal  tube  when  present  (colored  blue)  is  supported 
by  the  anal  plates.  The  anal  opening  (colored  brown)  may  be  in  the  side  or  at  the 
apex  of  the  tube. 

26,771.  Cactocrinus  ornatissimus.  Lower  Carbonic.  Showing  the  anal  tube 
between  the  brachia. 

24.192.  Scaphiocrinus  unicus.  Lower  Carbonic.  Showing  the  anal  tube  with 

the  anal  opening  in  the  side. 

24.193.  Scytalocrinus  robustus.  Lower  Carbonic. 

27,868.  J^siocrinus  magnificus.  Upper  Carbonic.  The  brachia  have  been 
removed. 

ENEAllGEMENT  OF  THE  SIMPLE  HOllSAL  CUP. 

(See  Plate  63. ) 

The  dorsal  cup  may  be  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  jjroxiinal  brachials  (here  col- 
ored blue)  or  by  the  insertion  of  a variable  number  of  extra  plates  between  the 
brachials.  The  latter  are  called  interlmichials  (colored  red). 

24.156.  Taxocrinus  multibrachiatus.  Lower  Carbonic. 

24,163.  Batocrinus  wachsmuthi.  Lower  Carbonic. 

THE  STEM. 

(See  Plate  67. ) 

The  flexible  stem  is  composed  of  stem  ossicles,  which  vary  not  only  greatly  in  num- 
ber in  different  crinoids,  l^ut  often  also  in  form  in  different  parts  of  the  same  stem.  It 
has  a more  or  less  large  axial  canal  which  serves  to  transmit  vascular  and  nervous 
prolongations,  and  in  the  earlier  forms  may  have  served  other  purposes.  The  larger 
segments  are  called  nodal  ossicles  (blue),  and  may  bear  cirri  (red)  at  regular  or  irreg- 
ular intervals  throughout  the  whole  length  of  the  stem. 

In  some  forms  the  stem  is  almost  absent,  the  cup  then  cementing  to  solid  objects. 
In  PentacrinuH  the  stem  attains  a length  of  18  feet.  In  rare  cases  the  stem  has  no 
roots,  but  attaches  by  the  cirri  or  by  winding  the  stem  around  the  object  of  attach- 
ment. In  others  it  ends  in  a four-fluked  grapnel  or  in  bulb;  finally,  there  are 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAX-AMEKICAX  EXPOSITION. 


225 


forms  without  stems  or  anchoring  structures.  The  latter  are  adapted  to  free  loco- 
motion either  by  swimming  or  by  crawling  about  by  the  brachia. 

24,887.  Ordovician  stems  and  stem  ossicles.  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

15,518.  Stem  of  Glyptocrinus.  Winding  around  foreign  object.  Upper 
Ordovician. 

34.091.  Upper  Silurian  stem  and  stem  ossicles.  Dayton,  Ohio. 

26,468.  Myrtillocrinus  bulbosus.  Middle  Devonian.  Stem  ending  in  a four- 
fluked  grapnel. 

34,086.  Stem  and  ossicles  of  Platycrinus.  Lower  Carbonic.  The  spiral  twist 
of  the  flattened  stem  enables  the  animal  to  turn  in  any  direction. 

34.092.  Stem  witli  cirri.  Lower  Carbonic. 

ROOTS. 

(See  Plate  68.) 

The  roots  are  distal  branches  of  the  stem,  and,  like  it,  are  usually  made  up  of  per- 
forated ossicles.  In  some  forms  the  stem  terminates  in  a disk-shaped  or  encrusting 
nonsegmented  root. 

34,089.  Anomalocrinus  incurvus.  Growing  upon  a monticuliporoid  bryozoan. 
Upper  Ordovician. 

34.093.  Root  of  Ectenocrinus(?).  Upper  Ordovician. 

10,425.  Eucalyptocrinus  crassus.  Upper  Silurian. 

34,088.  Poteriocrinus  spartarius.  Lower  Carbonic. 

In.jueies. 

Crinoids  are  found  which  during  life  had  lost  a consideralfle  portion  of  the  In'achia. 
Such  lost  parts  may  be  subsequently  regrown  and  pass  tlirougli  the  same  growth 
stages  as  the  adult. 

The  stems  when  fractured  repair  the  l)roken  i>lace  l)y  profuse  calcareous  deposit, 
as  shown  by  the  annexed  specimens. 

f RINOIl)  PARASITES. 

(See  Plate  69. ) 

Gastropods  of  the  genera  Cyclonema  and  Platyceras  are  found  situated  over  the 
anal  region  of  many  crinoids.  In  the  Silurian  and  Devonian  such  occurrences  are 
rare  and  there  do  not  appear  to  have  been  permanent  parasites.  In  the  Lower  Car- 
boniferous, however,  the  form  of  the  shell  is  considerably  modified  and  perfectly 
molded  to  the  crinoid,  proving  that  the  Platyceras  spent  its  life  where  found.  Its 
sustenance,  therefore,  must  have  been  largely  the  effete  matter  of  the  crinoid. 

15,513.  Glyptocrinus  decadactylus.  The  parasite  is  Cyclonema  bilix.  Ui)[)er 
Ordovician. 

26,465.  Arthracantha  punctobrachiata.  The  parasite  is  Platyceras  dumosum 
rarispinum?  Middle  Devonian. 

24,185.  Platycrinus  hemisphericus.  Lower  Carbonic.  The  ]>arasite  is  Platy- 
ceras  uncum. 

C'RIXOIDAJ.  EIMESTONE. 

Limestones  are  found,  many  feet  in  thickness,  almost  entirely  made  up  of  the  dis- 
jointed skeletal  parts  of  crinoids.  Such  limestones  are  usually  of  local  occurrence, 
but  in  the  region  of  Iowa  and  Missouri  the  Bui-lington  crinoid  limestone  extends  for 
more  than  300  miles.  This  is  the  most  extensive  crinoid  bed,  having  furnished 
between  300  and  400  species  and  many  thousands  of  individuals. 

15518.  Upper  Ordovician  crinoidal  limestone,  from  Madison,  Ind. 

34094.  Lower  Carbonic  crinoidal  limestone,  from  Burlington,  Iowa. 

NAT  MUS  1901 15 


•226 


KEPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


Following  the  crinoids  were  shown  the  fossil  cephalopods,  with 
special  reference  to  the  ammonites.  Here  the  testaceous  anatom}^  is 
not  so  complicated  as  in  the  crinoids  and  requires  fewer  descriptive 
labels  in  the  introductory  series. 

INTRODUCTOEY  LABEL. 

CLASS  CEPHALOPODA. 

The  pearly  nautilns,  squid,  and  cuttlefish  are  three  types  of  living  Cephalopods. 
These  animals  are  restricted  to  marine  waters,  and  are  the  most  highly  organized 
class  of  tlie  Mollnsca,  a division  of  the  animal  kingdom,  including,  besides  the  Ceph- 
alopoda, the  bivalve  (clams,  oysters),  and  univalve  (drills,  snails)  shells. 

The  forms  here  shown  are  those  having  external  chambered  shells.  They 
abounded  in  Paleozoic  and  Mesozoic  seas.  In  the  Tertiary  seas  the  shelled  Ceph- 
alopoda are  restricted  to  a few  forms  very  much  like  the  living  pearly  nautilns  of 
the  Pacific  Ocean.  (See  complete  animal  in  jar,  with  alcohol.)  The  shell  may  be 
straight,  curved,  or  coiled,  and  is  divided  at  regular  intervals  by  sepUi.  The  cham- 
bers thus  formed  are  connected  with  the  animal  by  a tube  or  slpliu. 

The  shelled  Cephalopods  are  divided  into  two  orders,  NautUoidea  and  Ammonoidea. 
In  the  former  the  sutures  (lines  of  junction  of  the  septa  with  the  outer  shell)  are 
usually  straight  or  merely  undulated,  while  in  the  latter  they  are  more  or  less 
abundantly  lobed  and  inflected,  the  greatest  comi)lexity  having  been  attained 
during  Mesozoic  time.  Of  Nautiloids  about  2,500  species  are  known,  and  of  Ammo- 
noids  not  less  than  5,000.  Tlie  latter  died  out  during  Mesozoic  time.  Some  straight 
Nautiloidea  grew  to  a length  of  more  than  15  feet,  while  certain  coiled  Ammonoids 
have  attained  a diameter  of  5 feet. 

The  classification  here  adopted  is  that  of  Hyatt,  as  i)ublished  in  Text  Book  of 
Paleontology,  by  Zittel  and  Eastman. 


SPECIAL  EXPLANATORY  LABEL. 

NAUTILUS  POMPILIUS  JANNLEUS. 

(Shell  with  animal.) 

South  Seas,  Pacific. 

(^•)  Jfood,  serving  to  close  the  aperture  of  tlie  shell  when  the  animal  is  withdrawn 
into  the  living  c’hamber. 

(d)  I Ijipoiiome,  serving  to  conduct  water  by  suction  into  the  gill  cavity  of  the 
mantel,  from  which  -it  is  then  violently  exjielled,  the  reaction  driving  the  creature 
back  ward. 

(/)  7Vp/nc/c.s,  of  which  (hen*  an*  about  nint*ty. 

SI]I*  I’A  AND  SlPiro. 

Nai'Tilps  m ackompuaj.us  Sow(*rby. 

New  Caledonian  sea. 

Tin*  animal  is  remov(*<l  and  the  shell  .sectioned  to  show  the  various  parts,  with  the 
technical  names  applied  directly  to  each  }>art. 

.JAWS  V NAUTII.OID. 

Tem  No( ' 1 1 p 1 1 > I IS  I n I )()  Ks  A T US  Scl  1 1 otl  1 ei  m . 

(Conchorhynchus  avirosti’is. ) 

TKIASSrC  (.Mrsi’lIELKALIv). 

^^hlrzbnrg,  Bavaria,  (lermany.  2!)104. 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAN-AMERICAX  EXFOSITIOX. 


227 


SUTLTKE. 

Ceratites  nodosus  de  Hann. 

TKIASSIC. 

Goettingen,  Germany.  4463. 

A simple  Ammonoid  with  the  shell  removed  to  show  the  suture  line  (colored  red). 

DEVELOPMENT  OE  THE  NAUTILOIDEA. 

(After  Branco.) 

Primordial  chamber  of  Orthoceras  from  the  Triassic  of  St.  Cassian.  Enlarged  18 
diameters. 

DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  NAUTILOIDEA. 

(After  Branco.) 

1.  Primordial,  second,  and  third  chandlers  of  NautUu.^  p^inpUhis.  Enlarged  18 
diameters. 

2.  Section  of  same  to  show  the  beginning  of  the  sipho.  Enlarged  25  diameters. 

DEVELOPMENT  OE  THE  AMMONOIi:>EA. 

(After  Branco.) 

1.  Primordial  chamber  of  a goniatite  {Miinoceras  covip)ressus),  enlarged  60  diame- 
ters. 

2.  Primordial  chamber  and  first  volntion  of  same,  enlarged  60  diameters. 

DEVELOPMENT  OE  THE  AMM0N011>EA. 

(After  Branco.) 

1.  Primordial  chamber  of  a latisellate  Ammonoid  (Grcc.^/'os'  ci/)nhifor iiiis) , gresii]y 
enlarged.  The  term  latisellate  has  reference  to  the  suture  (colored  red)  forming  a 
decided  broad  saddle  on  the  venter. 

2.  First  volution  of  a latisellate  Ammonoid. 

l>EVELOPMENJ^  OF  IMIE  AAI]MONOIl>EA. 

(After  Branco.) 

1.  Primordial  chamber  of  an  angustisellate  Ammonoid  (of  the  type  of  FJnjlloceras 
heteropliiillum)  enlarged  60  diameters. 

2.  Section  througli  the  primordial,  second,  and  third  chambers,  to  show  the 
beginning  of  the  sipho  of  an  angustisellate  Ammonoid.  Eidarged  100  diameters. 

J>EVELOPMENT  OF  THE  AMMONOIDEA. 

(After  Branco. ) 

1.  Primordial  chamber  of  an  angustisellate  Ammonoid  (of  the  type  of  Cceloceras 
crassus),  enlarged  60  diameters.  The  term  angustisellate  has  reference  to  tlie  sutures 
(colored  red)  having  prominent  ventral  saddles,  with  corresponding  deep  lateral  lobes, 
and  definite  saddles  at  the  umbilical  depression. 

2,  3.  First  and  second  volution  of  an  angustisellate  Ammonoid. 

4.  First  three  Amlutions,  showing  the  introduction  of  sutural  inflections  and  shell 
sculpture. 

1>EA  ELOI*MENT  OF  THE  AMMONOIDEA. 

(After  Branco. ) 

Section  through  the  first  and  second  volution  of  a latisellate  Ammonoid  ( Tropites). 
It  shows  the  beginning  of  the  sljjho  in  the  c£ecal  condition  in  the  irrimordial  chain- 


228 


REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


ber  and  its  transition  from  the  dorsal  to  the  ventral  side;  also  the  transition  from 
the  monochoanitic  (having  only  a funnel)  to  the  later  cloiochoanitic  (funnels  lost, 
collars  alone  remaining)  condition.  Enlarged  60  diameters. 

B.  Section  op  Yektebrate  Fossils. 

The  exhibit  of  the  section  of  vertebrate  fossils  comprised  a series 
of  specimens  representing- the  Mastodon,  Mammoth,  and  Titanotherium, 
reproductions  of  the  skeletons  of  Zeuglodon  and  Triceratops,  and  a 
very  complete  mounted  skeleton  of  the  Cretaceous  diving  bird  Hes- 
p&rorn  ls  regallH.  This  last  is  of  special  importance,  not  only  as  being 
the  lirst  skeleton  of  this  representative  of  the  toothed  birds  to  be 
mounted  and  exhi])ited,  but  because  it  threw  new  light  on  the  struc- 
ture and  attitude  of  the  bird.  In  ordinary  swimming  birds  the  legs 
are  directed  downward,  beneath  the  body,  but  the  character  of  the 
articulations  show  that  in  Hesperornis  the  tarsi  were  directed  out- 
ward at  right  angles  to  the  body.  A photograph  of  the  skeleton  as 
exhibited  is  shown  in  Plate  70. 

The  skeleton  of  Zeuglodon  was  modeled  from  material  obtained  1>y 
Mr.  Charles  Schuchert  in  Alabama.  It  comprised  practically  a com- 
plete vertebral  column,  inaii}^  of  the  ribs,  a good  skull  containing  the 
complete  dentition,  and  the  major  portions  of  the  fore  and  hind  limbs. 
This  is  a greater  amount  of  material  than  is  present  in  any  other 
museum,  and  made  it  possible  for  the  lirst  time  to  obtain  an  accurate 
idea  of  the  skeleton  of  this  animal.  It  is  shown  suspended  from  the 
ceiling  in  the  background  of  Plate  59. 

The  skeleton  of  Triceratops  was  a full-sized  reproduction  based  on 
the  material  in  the  United  States  National  Museum,  which  contains 
portions  of  fifteen  specimens.  These  include  the  skull,  limbs,  lacking 
phalanges,  pelvis,  nearly  complete  vertebral  column  in  advance  of  the 
sacrum,  and  several  ribs.  The  greater  part  of  the  skeleton  was  thus 
present  and  restoration  w^as  limited  to  some  of  the  ril>s  and  the  greater 
portion  of  the  caudal  vei-teline.  Ilie  rcjiroduction  of  the  skeleton 
provided  the  first  accurate  representation  of  one  of  these  huge  dino- 
saui’s  ever  placed  on  exhibition.  It  is  regretted  that  no  more  satisfac- 
tory view  of  this  interesting  restoration  could  have  l)een  obtained 
than  that  furnished  in  Plates  58  and  59.  This  exhibit  w^as  accompanied 
by  a small  model,  sonui  IS  inches  in  lengtli,  and  a painting  by  Mr. 
Charles  Knight,  show  ing  the  animal  as  it  Avas  supposed  to  appear  in 
life.  Se(‘  IMates  71  and  72. 

The  (‘xhibit  for  the  Division  of  Geology,  it  should  lie  stated,  was 
l)i-(‘pai-(‘d  under  the  direct  supiu’vision  of  the  lunid  cui-ator;  that  of  the 
Division  of  Mimu-alogy  by  Mr.  Wirt  Tassin,  assistant  curator;  that  of 
the  Section  of  1 nverb'braU'.  Fossils  by  Mr.  Charles  Schuchert,  assistant 
curator,  and  that  of  the  Section  of  Vertebrate  Paleontolog}^  by  Mr. 
F.  A.  Lucas,  curator  of  comparative  anatomy  in  (*harge  collection  of 
vertebrate  fossils. 


APPENDIX. 


[Public— No.  184.] 

AN  ACT  to  enconrage  the  holding  of  a Pan-American  Exposition  on  the  Niagara  frontier,  within  the 
comity  of  Erie  or  Niagara,  in  the  State  of  New  York,  in  the  year  nineteen  Imndred  and  one. 

AVhereas  it  is  desiralile  to  encourage  tlie  liolding  of  a Pan-American  Exposition  on 
the  Niagara  frontier,  within  the  county  of  Erie  or  Niagara,  in  the  State  of  New  A^ork, 
in  the  year  tiineteen  hundred  and  one,  to  fittingly  illustrate  the  marvelous  develop- 
ment of  the  AVestern  Hemisphere  during  the  nineteenth  century,  hy  a display  of  the 
arts,  industries,  manufactures,  and  products  of  the  soil,  mines,  and  sea;  and 

AVhereas  the  projiosed  Pan-American  Exposition,  being  confined  to  the  AVestern 
Hemisphere,  and  being  held  in  the  near  vicinity  of  tlie  great  Niagara  cataract,  within 
a day’s  journey  of  which  reside  forty  million  })eople,  would  nnquestionalily  lie  of  vast 
benefit  to  the  commercial  interests,  not  only  of  this  country,  but  of  the  entire  hemi- 
sphere, and  should  therefore  have  the  sanction  of  the  C’ongress  of  the  United  States; 
and 

AVhereas  satisfactory  assurances  have  already  been  given  by  the  diplomatic  rejire- 
sentatives  of  C’anada,  Vlexico,  the  Central  and  Sonth  American  Pepnblics,  and  most 
of  the  States  of  the  United  States  that  these  countries  and  States  will  make  nnicpie, 
interesting,  and  instructive  exhiliits  iieculiarly  illustrative  of  tlieir  material  progress 
during  the  century  about  to  close;  and 

AVhereas  no  exposition  of  a similar  character  as  that  proposed  has  evei-  been  held 
in  the  great  State  of  Mew  York;  and 

AA^hereas  the  Pan-American  Exposition  C’ompany  has  undertaken  to  hold  such 
exposition,  lieginning  on  the  first  day  of  May,  nineteen  hundred  and  one,  and  closing 
on  the  first  day  of  Noveml)er,  nineteen  hundred  and  one:  Therefor-e, 

if  enacted  fnj  the  Senate  and  llouM  of  Representatives  of  tlie  United  States  <f  Ainndca 
in  Congress  assendded,  That  all  articles  that  shall  lie  imported  from  foreign  countries 
for  the  sole  })urpose  of  exhibition  at  said  exposition  upon  which  there  sliall  be  a 
tariff  or  customs  duty  shall  be  admitted  free  of  payment  of  duty,  customs  fees,  or 
charges,  under  such  regulation  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  prescrilie;  but 
it  shall  lie  lawd'ul  at  any  time  during  the  exjiosition  to  sell  for  delivery  at  the  close 
thereof  any  goods  or  property  imported  for  or  actually  on  exhibition  in  the  exposi- 
tion buildings,  or  on  the  grounds,  subject  to  such  regulation  for  the  security  of  the 
revenue  and  for  tlie  collection  of  import  duties  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall 
jirescribe:  Provided,  That  all  such  articles  when  sold  or  withdrawn  for  consumption 
in  the  United  States  shall  be  subject  to  the  duty,  if  any,  imposed  upon  such  articles 
by  tlie  revenue  laws  in  force  at  the  date  of  importation,  and  all  penalties  prescribed 
by  law  shall  be  applied  and  enforced  against  the  persons  who  may  be  guilty  of  any 
illegal  sale  or  withdrawal:  ^ind  provided  farther,  That  all  necessary  expenses  incurred 
in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  section  including  salaries  of  customs  otlicialsin 
charge  of  imported  articles,  shall  be  paid  to  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States  by  the 
Pan-American  Exposition  Company,  under  regulations  to  be  ]>rescribed  by  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury. 

Sec.  2.  That  there  shall  be  exhibited  at  said  exposition  by  the  ( Jovernment  of  the 
United  States,  from  its  Executive  Departments,  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and 

229 


280 


KEPOET  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901. 


National  Museum,  the  United  States  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries,  the  Depart- 
ment of  Labor,  and  the  Bureau  of  the  American  Kepublics,  such  articles  and  material 
as  illustrate  the  function  and  administrative  faculty  of  the  Government  in  time  of 
peace,  and  its  resources  as  a war  power,  and  its  relations  to  other  American  Kepub^ 
lies,  tending  to  demonstrate  the  nature  of  our  institutions  and  their  adaption  to 
the  wants  of  the  people.  And  to  secure  a complete  and  harmonious  arrangement  of 
such  Government  exhibit,  a board  of  management  shall  be  created,  to  be  charged 
with  the  selection,  purchase,  preparation,  transportation,  arrangement,  safe-keeping, 
exhibition,  and  return  of  such  articles  and  materials  as  the  heads  of  the  several 
Departments  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  the  Commissioner  of 
Fish  and  Fisheries,  the  Commissioner  of  Labor,  and  the  Director  of  the  Bureau  of 
the  American  Kepublics  may  respectively  decide  shall  be  embraced  in  said  Govern- 
ment exhibit.  The  President  may  also  designate  additional  articles  for  exhibition. 
Such  board  shall  be  composed  of  one  person  to  be  named  by  the  head  of  each  Execu- 
tive Department,  one  by  the  head  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and  National 
Museum,  one  by  the  head  of  the  United  States  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries, 
one  l)y  the  Commissioner  of  Labor,  and  one  by  the  Director  of  the  Bureau  of  the 
American  Republics.  The  President  shall  name  one  of  said  persons  so  detailed  as 
chairman,  and  the  board  itself  shall  appoint  its  secretary,  (lisl)ursing  officer,  and 
such  other  officers  as  it  may  deem  necessary.  The  members  of  said  board  of  man- 
agement, with  other  officers  and  employees  of  the  Government  who  may  be  detailed 
to  assist  tliem,  including  officers  of  the  Army  and  Navy,  shall  receive  no  compensa- 
tion in  addition  to  their  regular  salaries,  but  they  shall  be  allowed  their  actual  and 
necessary  traveling  expenses,  together  with  a per  diem  in  lieu  of  subsistence,  to  be 
fixed  liy  tlie  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  while  necessarily  absent  from  their  homes 
engaged  upon  the  business  of  the  board.  Officers  of  the  Army  and  Navy  shall 
receive  this  allowance  in  lieu  of  tJie  transportation  and  mileage  now  allowed  by  law. 
Any  provision  of  law  which  may  prohibit  the  detail  of  persons  in  the  employ  of  the 
United  States  to  other  service  than  that  which  they  customarily  perform  shall  not 
api>ly  to  i»ersons  detailed  for  duty  in  connection  with  the  Pan-American  Exposition. 
Emj)loyees  of  tlie  board  not  otherwise  employed  by  the  Government  shall  be  entitled 
to  such  compensation  as  the  board  may  determine.  The  disbursing  officer  shall  give 
bond  in  the  sum  of  twenty  thousand  dollars  for  the  faithful  performance  of  his 
duties,  said  bond  to  be  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  The  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  shall  advance  to  said  officer,  from  time  to  time,  under  such  regula- 
tions as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may  prescribe,  a sum  of  money  from  the 
ai)i)roj)riation  for  the  Government  exhibit,  not  exceeding  at  any  one  time  three- 
fourths  of  the  penalty  of  his  bond,  to  enalde  him  to  pay  the  expenses  of  said  exhibit 
as  authorized  by  the  boaid  of  management  herein  created. 

Sec.  8.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  cause  a suitable  building  or  build- 
ings to  be  erected  on  tlie  site  selected  foi'  the  Pan-American  Ex]>osition  for  the  Gov- 
ernment exhiliils  from  ]>lans  to  be  a])proved  liy  the  board,  and  lie  is  hereliy  autliorized 
and  dir(‘,cted  to  contract  tlu'refor  in  the  same  manner  and  under  tlie  same  regulations 
as  for  oilier  pulilic  buildings  of  the  United  States;  but  the  contract  for  said  building 
or  buildings  shall  not  exce(‘d  the  sum  of  two  hundred  thousand  dollars,  said  sum 
b(*ing  hereby  aj)])roj)riat('(l  for  said  pur})ose,  out  of  any  money  in  tlie  Treasury  not 
otherwise  aj)i)ropriated.  Tin;  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  autliorized  and  required 
to  dispose  of  such  Imilding  or  buildings,  or  the  material  comjiosing  the  same,  at  the 
close  of  the  exposition,  giving  [>reference  to  the  city  of  Buffalo  or  to  the  said  Pan- 
American  Fxjxisition  Comjiany  to  imrchase  the  same  at  an  appraised  value,  to  be 
asc(‘rtainc(l  in  such  manner  as  may  be  dehuanined  liy  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

Sec.  4.  That  the  United  States  shall  not  be  liable  on  account  of  said  exposition  for 
any  expense  incident  to  or  growing  out  of  saiiK',  except  for  the  construction  of  the 
building  or  buildings  h(‘reinb(*fore  provided  for,  and  for  the  purpose  of  paying  the 


EXHIBIT  AT  PAX-AMEEICAX  EXPOSITION. 


231 


expense  of  selection,  preparation,  purchase,  installation,  transportation,  care,  custody, 
and  safe  return  of  exhibits  l)y  the  Governmeht,  for  the  emi^loyment  of  proper  persons 
as  officers  and  assistants  l)y  the  l)oard  of  management  created  by  tliis  Act  and  for 
their  expenses,  and  for  the  maintenance  of  the  said  building  or  buildings  and  other 
contingent  expenses,  to  be  approved  by  the  chairman  o_f  the  board  of  management, 
or,  in  the  event  of  his  absence  or  disability,  l)y  sucli  other  officer  as  the  Ijoard  may 
designate  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  upon  itemized  accounts  and  vouchers; 
and  the  total  cost  of  said  building  or  buildings  shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  two 
hundred  thousand  dollars;  nor  shall  the  expenses  of  said  Government  exhibit  for  each 
and  every  purpose  connected  therewith,  including  transportation,  exceed  the  sum  of 
three  hundred  thousand  dollars,  amounting  in  all  to  not  exceeding  the  sum  of  five 
hundred  tliousand  dollars,  whicli  sum  is  herebj^  appropriated,  out  of  any  money  in 
the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  the  sum  of  five  hundred  thousand  dollars, 
or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  to  be  disbursed  by  the  l)oard  of  manage- 
ment hereinbefore  created,  of  which  not  exceeding  the  sum  of  ten  thousand  dollars 
shall  be  expended  for  clerical  service:  Provided,  That  no  liability  against  the  Govern- 
ment shall  be  incurred,  and  no  expenditure  of  money  under  tins  Act  shall  be  made, 
until  the  officers  of  said  exposition  shall  have  furnishe<l  the  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury proofs  to  Ins  satisfaction  that  there  has  been  obtained  by  said  exposition  coi-pora- 
tioii  subscriptions  of  stock  in  good  faith,  contril)utions,  donations,  or  ai)])ropriations 
from  all  sources  for  the  purposes  of  said  exposition  a sum  aggregating  not  less  than 
five  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

Sec.  5.  That  medals,  with  appropriate  devices,  emblems,  and  inscriptions  com- 
memorative of  said  Pan-American  Exposition,  and  of  the  awards  to  be  made  to  the 
exhil)itors  thereat,  shall  be  ]>repared  at  some  mint  of  the  Ptnite<l  States  forthel)oard 
of  directors  thereof,  subject  to  the  provisions  of  the  fifty-second  section  of  the  coin- 
age Act  of  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-three,  upon  the  payment  of  a sum  not  less 
than  the  cost  tliereof;  and  all  the  provisions,  whether  penal  or  otherwise,  of  said 
coinage  Act  against  the  counterfeiting  or  imitating  of  coins  of  the  United  States  shall 
apply  to  the  medals  struck  and  issued  under  this  Act. 

Sec.  6.  That  the  United  States  shall  not  in  any  manner  nor  under  any  circum- 
stances l)e  liable  for  any  of  the  acts,  doings,  proceedings,  or  representati<ms  of  said 
Pan-American  1 "exposition  Association,  its  officers,  agents,  servants,  or  employees,  or 
any  of  them,  or  for  service,  salaries,  labor,  or  wages  of  said  officers,  agents,  servants, 
or  employees,  or  any  of  them,  or  for  any  subscriptions  to  tlie  capital  stock,  or  for  any 
certificates  of  stock,  l)onds,  mortgages,  or  obligations  of  any  kind  issued  l>y  sai<l  cor- 
poration, or  for  any  debts,  liabilities,  or  expenses  of  any  kind  whatever  attending 
such  cor|)oration,  or  accruing  l)y  reason  of  the  sanie. 

Sec.  7.  That  nothing  in  this  Act  shall  be  so  construed  as  to  create  any  liability  of 
the  United  States,  direct  or  indirect,  for  any  debt  or  obligation  incurred,  nor  for  any 
claim  for  aid  or  pecuniary  assistance  from  Congress  or  tlie  Treasury  of  the  United 
States  in  support  or  liipiidation  of  any  debts  or  obligations  ci’cated  by  said  (‘ommis- 
sion  in  excess  of  appropriations  made  by  Congress  therefor. 

Sec.  8.  That  the  ap])ropriation  herein  made  of  five  hundred  thousand  dollars  in  all 
shall  take  effect  and  become  available  immediately  upon  the  j)assage  of  this  Act. 

Approved,  iMarch  ?>,  1899. 


Plate  2. 


Report  of  U,  S.  National  Museum,  190!, 


General  View  of  U.  S.  National  Museum  Exhibits,  Pan-American  Exposition 


<DEP’t  OF  Q[OLOQ'(  - NftT  MUSEUM.^  D E PT  OF  B 1 OLO  CjY  - N ftT  MUSE  U M K)  E PT  OF  ANT  H RO  P 0 U 0 G X - N KT  MU  S E U M uri"  BU  R OF  ETHNOLOGY.' 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum, 


■SiigiHxi  lyoiooROdouHiNV  AUwioisans 


Plate  3. 


a.' 

D- 

o_ 

Q_ 

o 

ZD 

zo 

ZD 

o 

O 

o 

O 

(T. 

or 

cc 

cn 

CO 

o 

o 

o 

I -S  ^ 


I -sajji 


s 3“)  iiid-3  y 


] [ 


5 :3  “I  I :j-  d 3 y 


sQyig  [ [ 


STvuwvui  Nwoiyguiv 


S1IS90J  1iyUgiiH3ANI  NyoiUTUlV 


Sdoivdioiuj. 

d C 

NOllVtiOXSltl 


1 sxiamxi  "ivoiooiOciouHiwy  Ayyioiogns 

1 

•S1VWWVU  NVDIU3WV 

93HSIJ 

S3HSI 

i 

1 

•SJ'JNWHOo  JO  nvauna 
iWNOiivMygiNi 


( U3JOUd) 

NO  IX  n 1 I 19N 1 
NVINOSHIIWS 


Muwd  Tvoiaonooz 

TVNOUVN 

• xyoiyAy 2SS0 
ny  3i9AHdoaisy 


AMERICAN  EXPOSITION  , 


: ^ 


Re.Dort  of  U.  S-  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  4. 


General  View  of  Exhibits  of  Department  of  Biology. 


c 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901  . 


Plate  5, 


Part  of  Large  Mammal  Case. 


'1 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901 . 


Plate  6. 


General  View  of  Exhibit  of  Fishes. 


L 


■ 


1 


1 


- 

.9 


/■ 


1 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  7. 


Kadiak  Bear. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901 


Plate  8. 


STONE’S  Sheep, 


t 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901 


Plate  9, 


Glacier  Bear. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  10. 


White  Goat. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museunn,  1901. 


Plate  1 1 


Alaska  Wolf. 


i ■ ■ ■ ' - 


1 

(ir 


! 

■| 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  1 2, 


Penguin. 


' y'--  . 


O' 


• > ; ! 
( ■ 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  1 3 


Condor, 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  14. 


Whooping  Crane. 


1 


" 


1," 


L. 


1 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  f/luseum,  1901 


Plate  15. 


Cuban  Iguana. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  1 6. 


Large  Boa  Constictor. 


. . . " 

■ . J 

' ■') 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  17 


Hog-nose  Snake  Group. 


Plate  1 8, 


Report  0^  U.  S.  Natior.a’  Vluseu"'  '90'. 


Alugatoij  Snapper. 


■i 


I 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901, 


Plate  19. 


Red  Drum. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  20, 


Black  Anqel-Fish  in  Formalin, 


G.- 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  21. 


Hog-Fish  in  Formalin. 


■ .f 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museunn,  1901. 


Plate  22, 


Luminous  Deep-Sea  Fish  Model. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  23. 


Family  Group  of  the  Smith  Sound  Eskimo. 


I, 


1 


I 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901 


Plate  24, 


Lay  Figure  Group  of  Eastern  Eskimo. 


C-' 


C?^  . 


1 

i 


Report  of  U.  S,  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  25. 


Lay  Figure  Group  of  Western  Eskimo. 


/- 


iv; 

'V. 


I 


^ V ■■  ' 


■\-  i'V*^  ';"••■  b-';..  ■ .■,:-  -'t-  « 

-•  ■ ■:%  ■■■1-  ■■  -b’K 

"V  r '";  - - . b 

A,,,:bb  -‘'^':'bb..  .]  •'  -^'b- 


b'r,; 


,?bb::;:f\bb: 


'b: 


-1 


'l 

b 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  26 


Family  Group  of  Chilkat  Indians. 


1 

I 


G,- 


' 1 


Report  of  U,  S.  National  Museum,  1901 


Plate  27, 


Family  Group  of  Hupa  Indians. 


i 


0^:  ^ 1 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901, 


Plate  28. 


Family  Group  of  Sioux  Indians. 


/' 


c. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901 


Plate  29. 


Family  Group  of  Navaho  Indians. 


I 


Report  of  U,  S.  National  Museum,  1901 . 


Plate  30, 


Family  Group  of  Zuni  Indians. 


Report  of  U.  S,  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  31 


Family  Group  of  Cocopa  Indians. 


f 


4. 


/ 


Report  of  U S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  32. 


Family  Group  of  Maya-Quiche  Indians. 


I 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  33. 


Lay  Figure  Group  of  Mexican  and  South  American  Indians. 


■c'. 


I ■ 


...i_.-.  ‘"'I 


1 


T 


I 


a. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  34. 


Family  Group  of  Tehuelche  Indians. 


1 

e.  I 

'■  Ji 

J 


Report  of  U.  S-  JMational  Museum,  1 901  . 


Plate  35. 


Dwelling  Group  of  Central  Eskimo. 


Report  of  U,  S.  National  Museunn,  1901 . 


Plate  36 


Dwelling  Group  of  the  Western  Eskimo. 


Report  of  U . S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  37, 


Dwelling  Group  of  the  Haida  Indians. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  38. 


Dwelling  Group  of  the  Montaqnais  Indians. 


1 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  39, 


Dwelling  Group  of  California  Indians. 


X 


WiilW 


■/- 


:X"\  ■:., 


■ 


i 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901, 


Plate  40. 


Dwelling  Group  of  the  Sioux  Indians. 


G. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  41 


Dwelling  Group  of  the  Wichita  Indians. 


i 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  42, 


Dwelling  Group  of  the  Pawnee  Indians. 


X 


V . 


'S'-  -X 


■ 


• ,X-. 


1-  ' '. 


i>-  ■ ^ 

,\ 


\ '■ 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  43. 


Dwelling  Group  of  the  Cliff  Dwellers. 


!■ 


i 

i 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901 . 


Plate  44. 


Dwelling  Group  of  the  Papago  Indians. 


C-- 


J 


■ 9^ 


Report  of  U , S.  National  Museunn,  1901. 


Plate  45. 


Dwelling  Group  of  Venezuela  Indians. 


■ ' i ■ . a- 


e„- 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  46, 


Dwelling  Group  of  the  Tehuelche  Indians. 


o- 


t 


1 


i 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  47. 


Fire-makinq  Apparatus  of  the  American  Indians. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901 . 


Plate  48. 


Bows  AND  Arrows  of  the  American  Indians. 


u 


'i 


■■'I 


.>1 


< . 


C«- 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901 , 


Plate  49. 


Throwing  Sticks  of  the  American  Indians. 


o 


u 


0. 


Report  of  U , S,  National  Museum,  1901, 


Plate  50, 


Harpoon.s  of  the  American  Indians. 


A 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  51 


Water  Craft  of  the  American  Indians. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  f\/!usoum,  1901. 


Plate  52. 


Textiles  of  the  American  Indians. 


o- 


J' 


Cv 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1 901 . 


Plate  53. 


Pottery  of  the  American  Indians. 


G,.- 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museunn,  1901. 


Plate  54. 


Sculpture  of  the  American  Indians. 


■S 


■ t 

. ■ ■ 1 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  55. 


Personal  Adornments  of  the  American  Indians. 


' I 

X 


' V-  ' ■ 


ri 


: 7-r>-'  .^  ^ 


■ I 

c,'  ■■  ■ • I 


Gv 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901 


Plate  56. 


Tobacco  Pipes  of  the  American  Indians. 


I 


Report  of  U.  S,  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  57. 


Pictography  and  Writing  of  the  American  Indians. 


h 


<•5'  ■ 


1 


j- 


Q.-' 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  58, 


General  View  of  Exhibits,  Department  of  Geology. 


'S 


I 


Report  of  U,  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  59. 


General  View  of  Exhibits,  Department  of  Geology. 


o 


=5* 


Report  of  U,  S,  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  60. 


Concretionary  Structures. 


X 


- X 


V 


t 


'I 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  61. 


Concretionary  Structures. 


\ 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  62, 


Crinoid  Series~the  Crown. 


■ 7' 


I 


Report  of  U,  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  63. 


THE  DORSAL  CUP. 


The  Dorsal  Cup  in  its  simplest  form  is  composed  of  2 or  3 circlets  of  5 plates,  those  in 
one  circlet  alternating  with  the  5 in  the  adjacent  circlet.  Of  these  the  most  important 
are  those  that  support  the  brachia  and  to  them  the  term  nidiah  is  restricted  (colored  blue) 
The  mterradial  plates  below  these  are  the  basais  (colored  red),  so  called  because  in  many 
cnnoids  they  form  the  base  of  the  cup  and  rest  on  the  stem.  Such  crinoids  are  called 
mmocydu.  In  other  crinoids  a circlet  of  mrabasals  occurs  beneath  the  hasals  (colored  yel. 
low),  and  these,  therefore,  are  known  as  Jicyciud 

Primarily  there  are  5 plates  m each  circlet,  but  owing  to  the  fusion  of  two  or  more 
of  the  proximal  plates  the  number  of  basals  in  monocyclic  forms  may  be  reduced  to  4,  3, 
or  even  2,  and  the  iufrabasals  in  dicychc  crinoids  to  three. 

The  cup  often  has,  in  addition  to  the  plates  above  described,  suoplementary  plates 
Known  as  atiLils  and  vderbrachials  which  assist  in  enlarging  the  cup. 


776.  Batocrinus  longiiostns.  Lower  Carbonic.  The  cup  plates 
7,519.  Platycrinus  planus.  Lower  Carbonic. 

24,191.  Cyathocrinus  multibrachiatas.  Lower  Caroon-.c. 


colored  are  the  inh'T'h-aJiials. 


Crinoid  Series— the  Dorsal  Cup. 


’•s 


f, 


\ 


I 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901, 


Plate  64. 


ri- 


THE  TEGMEN. 

The  Tegmen  in  its  simplest  form  is  composed  of  5 plates  called  ikltMs  or  orah  (col- 
ored red).  There  are  nearly  always  present  also  amimhxu'ak  (colored  blue),  covering  the 
food  grooves  or  ambulacra  that  lead  from  the  brachia  to  the  mouth.  In  many  Paleozoic 
genera  the  ambulacra!  plates  are  covered  by  the  inttna:tial  dome  plates  (colored  yellow). 
When  the  dorsal  cup  is  enlarged  by  other  plates  than  those  of  a simple  crinoid  the  teg- 
men also  introduces  supplementary  plates  known  as  .mltramliulafrah  (black).  Finally  the 
tegmen  may  be  in  the  form  of  a coriaceous  skin,  in  which  large  numbers  of  thin  calca- 
reous ossicles  are  embedded. 

The  mouth  is  nearly  always  covered  by  the  deltoids  or  the  dome  plates  while  the 
anus,  which  is  closed  by  a rab-ular  pyramid,  is  often  surrounded  by,  or  raised  on,  smgll  plates 
(colored  brown). 

24,185.  Platycrinus  temispbericus.  Lower  Carbonic. 

768..  Dorycrinus  unicornis.  Lower  Carbonic.  The  anai  pyramid  is  not  preserved. 

775-  Batocfinus  eiegans.  Lower  Carbonic.  The  anal  tube  is  broken  away. 

24,453-  Sfrotocrinus  regalis.  Lower  Carbonic.  A natural  cast  of  the  interior  surface  of  the  tegmen  showing 
the  ambolacral  grooves- 


Crinoid  Series— the  Tegmen. 


V- 


l. 


o 


I 


Report  of  U.  S..,Natonal  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  65, 


THE  BRACHIA  AND  PINNULES. 

The  Brachia  or  arms  in  their  simplest  form  consist  of  a series  of  ossicles  called 
hdfhuth  (colored  blue;,  which  continue  straight  up  fro^  the  rami/s  'colored  red).  The 
brachials  may  be  in  single  or  alternating  double  rows,  and  hence  are  spoken  of  as 
or  idserial.  The  inner  surface  of  the  brachia  are  grooved  for  the  transmission  of  food 
laden  water  to  the  mouth  and  for  the  soft  parts;  and  these  are  protected  by  covering 
plates  called  rfw/WurrtrA  (yellow),  which  can  open  or  close  as  occasion  .demands. 

The  brachia  are  rarely  single,  usually  bifurcating  in  a regular  or  irregular  manner  at 
definite  points.  The colored  black)  is  a brachium  in  miniature;  it  differs  in  nothing 
■but  position  from  the  small  end-branches  of  a simple  dichotomous  arm.  However,  v/hen 
the  pinnules  are  regularly  placed  on  alternate  sides  of  successive  brachials  of  the  main 
branch,  the  arm  is  said  to  be  pimttilaie.  To  these  pinnules  are  restricted  the  fertile  portions 
of  the  genital  rachis. 


34,193.  Scytalocrinus  robustus.  Lower  Carbonic.  Brachia  pianulate  with  regular  bifurcations.  Brachials  in 
single  columns, 

34.087.  Plalycrinus  agassizi.  Lower  Carbonic.  Brachia  pinnuiate  with  regular  bifurcations,  Brachials  in 
double,  alternating  columna. 

24,191.  Cyathocrinus  multibrachiatus.  Lovzer  Carbonic.  Brachia  dichotomous,  without  pinnules, 

24,155.  Barycrinus  hercules.  Lower  Carbonic.  Pinnuiate  brachia  showing  the  ambulacra]  groove  and  ambul- 
acra! plates. 


Crinoid  Series— the  Brachia  and  Pinnules. 


L 


v:-  .. 

■ /- 


X 


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C' 


Report  of  U,  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  66, 


V THE  ANAI? AREA.  ^C  l 

cxinpids  there  is  inserted  in  an  interradius  one,  or  more  extra  pieces  called 
Thz ^nal  (u^  wEen  present  (colored  blue),  is  supported? by  the 
The  mal'dpmi*^  (colored  brown),  may  be  m the  side,  or  at  the  apex  of  the 
1.^-' ^ - 
«s\omf tissitnvis.  . tower  J^a^oalc,^  Sfeowmgf  the  anat  t«b«  between’  the  braehf*.  '"  ^ 

dSiliK|ElIif(^»,iri‘.  tof^er  Carbonic. , '^Showing  the.attal  tube  with  the  anat  opening  in  the  side.** 

^ C^J’DOHiC*  * ' . -s.-*?.?'  . •• ' .*.•  •-■ 

(^s8»|fe8ca|fL' Upper  Carbonic.’  The”  bracbla  have  been  removed.  '4^-.  .~%t 

» .. * .t: 


Crinoid  Series— the  Anal  Area. 


Report  of  U S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  67. 


Crinoid  Series— the  Stem. 


L- 


“1 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901 


Plate  68, 


Crinoid  Series— the  Roots. 


>- 


' f 


:/ 


I 


1 


ilr 


Report  O'  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  69. 


Crinoid  Series— Crinoid  Parasites. 


‘i 


( 


Q, 


Report  of  U,  S,  National  Museum,  1901. 


Plate  70. 


Hesperornis  regalis. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1 901 


Plate  71 


Model  of  Triceratops  prorsus. 


;S 


-J 


.:x- 

^ V. 


/ 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum.  1901. 


Plate  72, 


Painting  of  Triceratops  prorsus. 


